Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models

As of 20 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 44 of 44 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2508.17953.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2508.17953 v1

Coverage vector

measured 44 of 44 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.380046Z

measured 44 of 44 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

44 of 44 outbound references displayed

verified exact4
verified fuzzy1
unresolved39
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation ad5aab83-9195-46bf-83cb-d050f1695563 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.187465Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9817e53b-aca6-4bcd-bab8-0e42d7b4f998 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.900784Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation c6ea34b0-8b01-4a07-b4c3-fff76000598e · outbound

This paper cites The Falcon Series of Open Language Models.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models The Falcon Series of Open Language Models

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.196897Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a90b68da-1867-4592-b6c7-698c25b413f3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.204301Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e45d2510-7887-42fa-b48f-46af7477963c · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating Subword Tokenization: Alien Subword Composition and OOV Generalization Challenge.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Evaluating Subword Tokenization: Alien Subword Composition and OOV Generalization Challenge

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.208393Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation aeff15ed-de12-4861-814d-c5c55537405b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.608992Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 417e0999-edbb-4d6c-9885-9b1fda7b4710 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.594114Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation ba1517e6-b6bc-49b2-b4f3-a0317f18a554 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.221598Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a3fa91f3-2c49-40eb-9505-f9b69600c77b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.225787Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 949662d1-bdaa-46c1-a791-1e71645f0aeb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.229732Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d1278087-0851-48a3-840d-2e29f678fca0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.233522Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 04efc708-378d-4837-963a-45ca191a014c · outbound

This paper cites Aya Expanse: Combining Research Breakthroughs for a New Multilingual Frontier.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Aya Expanse: Combining Research Breakthroughs for a New Multilingual Frontier

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.238292Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b8524f3e-07c3-4736-a074-90e04ffe0613 · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating Compositionality in Sentence Embeddings.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Evaluating Compositionality in Sentence Embeddings

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.242462Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8002fed8-d07d-4cd0-b191-39c0c94f3a99 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.246515Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e90212c0-7b3d-4382-9d5f-fb7d405c6fd0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.250827Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8058d404-9f0c-4e46-953c-5151b4e192fb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.877965Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 6f75735c-7e6e-4112-9151-7bb5525174fb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.258325Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2df0ba61-1a3e-407d-9864-773f14491b8f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.863401Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 74300924-3e15-4edd-ae4a-bb3b152e27d7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.265957Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d03b9e04-b996-4d54-ba8d-679b5469a55f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.269864Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fdcc35da-e981-44f9-84f8-8cb3e8125368 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.273880Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d3b45260-7ef8-4bd1-8571-578d64d4a2aa · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.847600Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 447332a9-a1cd-4125-8e3f-4fdb60d582d9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.281976Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1487ab2d-0f71-4006-b7f0-5fa4ec8b63a0 · outbound

This paper cites StarCoder 2 and The Stack v2: The Next Generation.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models StarCoder 2 and The Stack v2: The Next Generation

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.285740Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2f1c8e42-a6c4-4788-9786-6ebd96cfe86d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.494371Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation bd04018b-ae22-4d92-a22d-1b07fa6e3c98 · outbound

This paper cites Lotz, Emanuele Bugliarello, Elizabeth Salesky, Miryam de Lhoneux, and Desmond Elliott.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Lotz, Emanuele Bugliarello, Elizabeth Salesky, Miryam de Lhoneux, and Desmond Elliott

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.832767Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 2b5f7117-1451-4054-a8bb-5daf14616ff4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.297754Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 03137a07-fd74-41a8-a1a0-cdf5f80aac82 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.302233Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 09bcccac-219c-4940-92db-32f642d10087 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.306577Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1b1de919-e1de-4c2d-9878-3adb69c9104c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.310767Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d1285971-577b-4d0e-8226-2ea2bb7fce70 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.316057Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 357402e3-b597-4919-bdcd-080622ca0855 · outbound

This paper cites Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.322454Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ef6ec4d6-9307-47b8-b0bf-bd3d695d615b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.328727Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4c248993-8f39-47d0-a144-31a5e0cbd6d3 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5 Technical Report.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Qwen2.5 Technical Report

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.333723Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6475ea7c-9ccf-4c4e-806f-fdb2bd205bd3 · outbound

This paper cites Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.338227Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 922b2e80-f1e6-4bbd-80ab-d72e746beb6e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.343270Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8d9889e1-6576-47ae-8a43-cd37d928f05f · outbound

This paper cites Tokenization Matters! Degrading Large Language Models through Challenging Their Tokenization.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Tokenization Matters! Degrading Large Language Models through Challenging Their Tokenization

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.347468Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 710b350c-8be5-4430-a644-2b9dc9e953d0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.351905Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a21d3942-aced-4076-9042-5feebce6d5a3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.356595Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6d4a61f7-ff39-4aed-a05f-2fa7a93565e3 · outbound

This paper cites On the Tip of the Tongue: Analyzing Conceptual Representation in Large Language Models with Reverse-Dictionary Probe.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models On the Tip of the Tongue: Analyzing Conceptual Representation in Large Language Models with Reverse-Dictionary Probe

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.361453Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 09c78ed5-80ce-45da-98ce-fffafb4e628a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.796732Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation c22673d8-2ad9-4682-8419-92ed4d746dab · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 42

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.425544Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation e71012f6-f436-4040-b517-6419bb2c86a4 · outbound

This paper cites online" 'onlinestring :=.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models online" 'onlinestring :=

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.375085Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 93d85942-f42a-40fa-a2a9-3e78bba5e416 · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Understanding Subword Compositionality of Large Language Models write newline

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T17:06:01.380046Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.