Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models: A Comparison of GPT and DeepSeek family of models

As of 19 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 14 of 14 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2508.21377.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2508.21377 v1

Coverage vector

measured 14 of 14 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:57.852780Z

measured 14 of 14 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

14 of 14 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy8
unresolved5
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation c79f0e9b-af0c-4670-a1e6-e1d33fcf51aa · outbound

This paper cites Attention is All You Need,.

Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models: A Comparison of GPT and DeepSeek family of models Attention is All You Need,

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:59.229360Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 26668f33-391f-467f-888a-f39b5dc4973d · outbound

This paper cites Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely- Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layer,.

Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models: A Comparison of GPT and DeepSeek family of models Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely- Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layer,

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:59.056962Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 2334a054-fc59-4f86-bd8e-5a11c18b9770 · outbound

This paper cites Language Models are Few-Shot Learners,.

Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models: A Comparison of GPT and DeepSeek family of models Language Models are Few-Shot Learners,

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:58.900837Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation a353b32f-a9d7-4fbd-8d8a-43e73fcfdecb · outbound

This paper cites Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models.

Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models: A Comparison of GPT and DeepSeek family of models Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:56.624508Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5f25851f-02cd-448e-a791-9be3cf8900a7 · outbound

This paper cites Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models.

Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models: A Comparison of GPT and DeepSeek family of models Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:56.777525Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 018411bc-5547-44df-9266-687dbcfde823 · outbound

This paper cites Performance of GPT-4o and DeepSeek-R1 in the Polish Infectious Diseases Specialty Exam,.

Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models: A Comparison of GPT and DeepSeek family of models Performance of GPT-4o and DeepSeek-R1 in the Polish Infectious Diseases Specialty Exam,

Reference 6

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:58.044503Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 034e734c-be34-4cfc-a616-47c368f9ba0b · outbound

This paper cites Training Language Models to Follow Instructions with Human Feedback,.

Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models: A Comparison of GPT and DeepSeek family of models Training Language Models to Follow Instructions with Human Feedback,

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:58.768325Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 0bcc53be-dce6-48ad-bff5-87927965e619 · outbound

This paper cites A Watermark for Large Language Models,.

Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models: A Comparison of GPT and DeepSeek family of models A Watermark for Large Language Models,

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:58.649908Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 302708e9-09cd-4ad0-98c4-11531f3d3af3 · outbound

This paper cites DetectGPT: Zero-Shot Machine-Generated Text Detection using Probability Curvature,.

Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models: A Comparison of GPT and DeepSeek family of models DetectGPT: Zero-Shot Machine-Generated Text Detection using Probability Curvature,

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:58.497893Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 64e008ee-a90f-43df-aa6b-8dccbbbebb5b · outbound

This paper cites Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks,.

Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models: A Comparison of GPT and DeepSeek family of models Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks,

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:58.366590Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 1f986525-646e-4e73-b83f-8c54e9c68c01 · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report.

Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models: A Comparison of GPT and DeepSeek family of models DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:57.578440Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 50070188-e8fd-42bf-a0a6-5774cbe25913 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models: A Comparison of GPT and DeepSeek family of models GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:57.673201Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 30493e3d-3690-4b18-8ce8-46382fd1f5da · outbound

This paper cites Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedback.

Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models: A Comparison of GPT and DeepSeek family of models Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedback

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:57.780571Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 01f1209c-f505-473d-86c2-0671b2ad3c62 · outbound

This paper cites Train Short, Test Long: Attention with Linear Biases Enables Input Length Extrapolation,.

Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models: A Comparison of GPT and DeepSeek family of models Train Short, Test Long: Attention with Linear Biases Enables Input Length Extrapolation,

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:58.245658Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.