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Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Steering Protein Language Models

As of 20 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 47 of 47 outbound references and 2 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2509.07983.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2509.07983 v2

Coverage vector

measured 47 of 47 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T21:10:12.140345Z

measured 49 of 49 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00

measured 2 of 2 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T15:00:38.101968Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-05-12T03:36:20.086047Z

Reference resolution

47 of 47 outbound references displayed

  • verified exact2
  • verified fuzzy20
  • unresolved24
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External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation b48b42c3-251e-462d-b557-4f44bae945cf · outbound

This paper cites Discovering Bias in Latent Space: An Unsupervised Debiasing Approach.

Steering Protein Language Models Discovering Bias in Latent Space: An Unsupervised Debiasing Approach

Reference 1

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Observation 6f179b0c-eacd-488c-b134-ae6c1133d237 · outbound

This paper cites Model-based reinforcement learning for biological sequence design.

Steering Protein Language Models Model-based reinforcement learning for biological sequence design

Reference 2

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Observation 864a9e23-80e7-4f1a-bc8b-f0ef5d654a62 · outbound

This paper cites Personalized Steering of Large Language Models: Versatile Steering Vectors Through Bi-directional Preference Optimization.

Steering Protein Language Models Personalized Steering of Large Language Models: Versatile Steering Vectors Through Bi-directional Preference Optimization

Reference 3

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Observation 8ea9e018-689c-4275-95c3-d3327c3f67e4 · outbound

This paper cites Bioinformatics approaches for improved recombinant protein production in escherichia coli: protein solubility prediction.Briefings in bioinformatics, 15(6):953–962, 2014.

Steering Protein Language Models Bioinformatics approaches for improved recombinant protein production in escherichia coli: protein solubility prediction.Briefings in bioinformatics, 15(6):953–962, 2014

Reference 4

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Observation cdf7bccc-38ee-46b0-a6a6-ad6735be13eb · outbound

This paper cites Protein stability prediction by fine-tuning a protein language model on a mega-scale dataset.PLOS Computational Biology, 20(7):e1012248, 2024.

Steering Protein Language Models Protein stability prediction by fine-tuning a protein language model on a mega-scale dataset.PLOS Computational Biology, 20(7):e1012248, 2024

Reference 5

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Observation 5ffb69a7-910b-4d77-a5eb-edac13521f8d · outbound

This paper cites Controllable protein design with language models.Nature Machine Intelligence, 4(6):521–532, 2022.

Steering Protein Language Models Controllable protein design with language models.Nature Machine Intelligence, 4(6):521–532, 2022

Reference 6

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Observation 53e79a36-ca22-4b6c-9020-6b33e650f3c0 · outbound

This paper cites Protein language model fitness is a matter of preference.bioRxiv, pages 2024–10, 2024.

Steering Protein Language Models Protein language model fitness is a matter of preference.bioRxiv, pages 2024–10, 2024

Reference 7

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Observation 9a169e69-fb83-4c38-983a-2af6708235fb · outbound

This paper cites Sofroniew, Deniz Oktay, Zeming Lin, Robert Verkuil, Vincent Q.

Steering Protein Language Models Sofroniew, Deniz Oktay, Zeming Lin, Robert Verkuil, Vincent Q

Reference 8

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Observation e6c082f5-9afc-428c-a3bd-dbc6a46a7f9c · outbound

This paper cites Efficient evolution of human antibodies from general protein language models.Nature Biotechnology, 42(2):275–283, 2024.

Steering Protein Language Models Efficient evolution of human antibodies from general protein language models.Nature Biotechnology, 42(2):275–283, 2024

Reference 9

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Observation 325e9e53-bebf-4fdc-afe5-46a8a5433ce6 · outbound

This paper cites Evolutionary velocity with protein language models predicts evolutionary dynamics of diverse proteins.Cell Systems, 13(4):274–285, 2022.

Steering Protein Language Models Evolutionary velocity with protein language models predicts evolutionary dynamics of diverse proteins.Cell Systems, 13(4):274–285, 2022

Reference 10

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Observation 26cb6cb3-2cff-4554-aa81-0195a47a0d0b · outbound

This paper cites LoRA: Low-rank adaptation of large language models.

Steering Protein Language Models LoRA: Low-rank adaptation of large language models

Reference 11

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Observation 500afbcb-ca5b-429c-980e-c01bf5777a3f · outbound

This paper cites Meltome at- las—thermal proteome stability across the tree of life.Nature methods, 17(5):495–503, 2020.

Steering Protein Language Models Meltome at- las—thermal proteome stability across the tree of life.Nature methods, 17(5):495–503, 2020

Reference 12

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Observation 5d14aa19-afcd-4de0-b93f-5beea12b5d3d · outbound

This paper cites Improving protein optimization with smoothed fitness landscapes.

Steering Protein Language Models Improving protein optimization with smoothed fitness landscapes

Reference 13

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Observation 1ebc1701-46f2-428a-a2ec-440af51246a8 · outbound

This paper cites Programming Refusal with Conditional Activation Steering.

Steering Protein Language Models Programming Refusal with Conditional Activation Steering

Reference 14

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Observation 61346892-f195-4d5a-9446-06762b93d47d · outbound

This paper cites Robust Optimization in Protein Fitness Landscapes Using Reinforcement Learning in Latent Space.

Steering Protein Language Models Robust Optimization in Protein Fitness Landscapes Using Reinforcement Learning in Latent Space

Reference 15

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Observation c61c5583-bb6e-44c7-9fec-ed9b0600b134 · outbound

This paper cites Inference- time intervention: Eliciting truthful answers from a language model.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36, 2024.

Steering Protein Language Models Inference- time intervention: Eliciting truthful answers from a language model.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36, 2024

Reference 16

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Observation 84fdaa07-3898-4be0-ad01-0eee42c9df62 · outbound

This paper cites Language models of protein sequences at the scale of evolution enable accurate structure prediction.

Steering Protein Language Models Language models of protein sequences at the scale of evolution enable accurate structure prediction

Reference 17

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Observation 6789afc6-a697-4628-b244-19b619380b12 · outbound

This paper cites Evolutionary-scale prediction of atomic-level protein structure with a language model.Science, 379(6637):1123–1130, 2023.

Steering Protein Language Models Evolutionary-scale prediction of atomic-level protein structure with a language model.Science, 379(6637):1123–1130, 2023

Reference 18

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Observation 2337b863-f4c0-465d-94b7-14b5a3b857e8 · outbound

This paper cites In-context Vectors: Making In Context Learning More Effective and Controllable Through Latent Space Steering.

Steering Protein Language Models In-context Vectors: Making In Context Learning More Effective and Controllable Through Latent Space Steering

Reference 19

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Observation 670c476e-22bd-468e-a5cf-80108efeeab7 · outbound

This paper cites ProLLaMA: A Protein Large Language Model for Multi-Task Protein Language Processing.

Steering Protein Language Models ProLLaMA: A Protein Large Language Model for Multi-Task Protein Language Processing

Reference 20

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Observation 70f9fe5c-b9c6-422a-b872-5932f7f8b27d · outbound

This paper cites Large language models generate functional protein sequences across diverse families.Nature Biotechnology, 41(8):1099–1106, 2023.

Steering Protein Language Models Large language models generate functional protein sequences across diverse families.Nature Biotechnology, 41(8):1099–1106, 2023

Reference 21

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Observation 29eccc50-ae49-4c8d-a4dd-934ced6a2686 · outbound

This paper cites ProGen: Language Modeling for Protein Generation.

Steering Protein Language Models ProGen: Language Modeling for Protein Generation

Reference 22

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Observation 89ce3840-5fd1-44d2-b17b-635dcb9f74f3 · outbound

This paper cites Protein fitness prediction is impacted by the interplay of language models, ensemble learning, and sampling methods.Pharmaceutics, 15(5):1337, 2023.

Steering Protein Language Models Protein fitness prediction is impacted by the interplay of language models, ensemble learning, and sampling methods.Pharmaceutics, 15(5):1337, 2023

Reference 23

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Observation 4b5d9811-eaab-4913-971c-8d55d04bcc88 · outbound

This paper cites Language models enable zero-shot prediction of the effects of mutations on protein function.Advances in neural information processing systems, 34:29287–29303, 2021.

Steering Protein Language Models Language models enable zero-shot prediction of the effects of mutations on protein function.Advances in neural information processing systems, 34:29287–29303, 2021

Reference 24

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Observation ca0c078d-d33f-41ed-9dd9-374847237494 · outbound

This paper cites Progen2: exploring the boundaries of protein language models.Cell systems, 14(11):968–978, 2023.

Steering Protein Language Models Progen2: exploring the boundaries of protein language models.Cell systems, 14(11):968–978, 2023

Reference 25

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Observation 1c2d053b-3521-4be4-a45b-70517d67bdf9 · outbound

This paper cites Tranception: protein fitness prediction with autoregressive transformers and inference-time retrieval.

Steering Protein Language Models Tranception: protein fitness prediction with autoregressive transformers and inference-time retrieval

Reference 26

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Observation bbc84038-7ba3-40fa-8daa-0470fffab148 · outbound

This paper cites Proteingym: Large- scale benchmarks for protein fitness prediction and design.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36, 2024.

Steering Protein Language Models Proteingym: Large- scale benchmarks for protein fitness prediction and design.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36, 2024

Reference 27

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Observation 6ebb4525-2165-44ac-860f-aeb624bfbb51 · outbound

This paper cites Steering Llama 2 via Contrastive Activation Addition.

Steering Protein Language Models Steering Llama 2 via Contrastive Activation Addition

Reference 28

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Observation a3fb5ea9-fd29-46ba-a330-6a5fc4f0c5a3 · outbound

This paper cites BioT5+: Towards Generalized Biological Understanding with IUPAC Integration and Multi-task Tuning.

Steering Protein Language Models BioT5+: Towards Generalized Biological Understanding with IUPAC Integration and Multi-task Tuning

Reference 29

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Observation 74f108cb-57c5-4080-b8cf-8a09fcaeac56 · outbound

This paper cites Spectral Editing of Activations for Large Language Model Alignment.

Steering Protein Language Models Spectral Editing of Activations for Large Language Model Alignment

Reference 30

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Observation 500178dd-5e1f-4c39-af4d-87e9538e8d5f · outbound

This paper cites Proximal exploration for model-guided protein sequence design.

Steering Protein Language Models Proximal exploration for model-guided protein sequence design

Reference 31

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Observation 55ae8520-596b-46b6-a268-bc83a806bf31 · outbound

This paper cites Exploring protein fitness landscapes by directed evolution.Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, 10(12):866–876, 2009.

Steering Protein Language Models Exploring protein fitness landscapes by directed evolution.Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, 10(12):866–876, 2009

Reference 32

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Observation 074c02dd-335e-44a8-b6da-dc42131ca065 · outbound

This paper cites AdaLead: A simple and robust adaptive greedy search algorithm for sequence design.

Steering Protein Language Models AdaLead: A simple and robust adaptive greedy search algorithm for sequence design

Reference 33

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Observation a09bb042-bcc9-4225-a696-5a206ccc58f7 · outbound

This paper cites Representation Surgery: Theory and Practice of Affine Steering.

Steering Protein Language Models Representation Surgery: Theory and Practice of Affine Steering

Reference 34

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Observation 7be6de32-8cf6-4a8d-8d49-7fb5658eb4c9 · outbound

This paper cites Accelerating bayesian optimization for biological se- quence design with denoising autoencoders.

Steering Protein Language Models Accelerating bayesian optimization for biological se- quence design with denoising autoencoders

Reference 35

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Observation b9d33fc1-1ac5-4335-96ec-06a98ff27405 · outbound

This paper cites Mmseqs2 enables sensitive protein sequence searching for the analysis of massive data sets.Nature biotechnology, 35(11):1026–1028, 2017.

Steering Protein Language Models Mmseqs2 enables sensitive protein sequence searching for the analysis of massive data sets.Nature biotechnology, 35(11):1026–1028, 2017

Reference 36

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:10:12.103219Z

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source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T21:10:12.103219Z digest=sha256:f015c1db7985a16cb90503698fad4485df4267f87d0963f34c5200ed43934afc

Observation b6403da3-a8be-4695-bf06-b19d714fa563 · outbound

This paper cites Deep generative modeling for protein design.Current opinion in structural biology, 72:226–236, 2022.

Steering Protein Language Models Deep generative modeling for protein design.Current opinion in structural biology, 72:226–236, 2022

Reference 37

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verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:10:12.405791Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

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Observation 09fc1d60-2f5c-4ee1-a372-eaa35d99fcd3 · outbound

This paper cites Extracting Latent Steering Vectors from Pretrained Language Models.

Steering Protein Language Models Extracting Latent Steering Vectors from Pretrained Language Models

Reference 38

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:10:12.109738Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T21:10:12.109738Z digest=sha256:2907e003f072f739faca2969b380aa04fbac2bc0c282f408183dddf3172c9bce

Observation 4f7931e1-2f1a-41ba-af9d-3da415a70418 · outbound

This paper cites Uniref clusters: a comprehensive and scalable alternative for improving sequence similarity searches.Bioinformatics, 31(6):926–932, 2015.

Steering Protein Language Models Uniref clusters: a comprehensive and scalable alternative for improving sequence similarity searches.Bioinformatics, 31(6):926–932, 2015

Reference 39

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verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:10:12.395147Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T21:10:12.113174Z digest=sha256:91f5736c6b575c2c4c6ed62f723760dd4f6f60c0c4c15067066cea74e3664858

Observation eaa80912-9ca8-4e05-a1d2-d7e698c52e97 · outbound

This paper cites Activation addition: Steering language models without optimization.

Steering Protein Language Models Activation addition: Steering language models without optimization

Reference 40

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:10:12.384452Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T21:10:12.116858Z digest=sha256:9537bf02130519d7f08becb30d3ac75f6cfdb55df9cd81373b60438da336e50d

Observation 669b354d-6352-46b5-ae79-5dd23e4f80a3 · outbound

This paper cites Trojan Activation Attack: Red-Teaming Large Language Models using Activation Steering for Safety-Alignment.

Steering Protein Language Models Trojan Activation Attack: Red-Teaming Large Language Models using Activation Steering for Safety-Alignment

Reference 41

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:10:12.120075Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T21:10:12.120075Z digest=sha256:58f85911473280182da42fda5d422eacdb139e689eb70532b874991ffca54014

Observation d80c5d29-660f-4749-a554-5cac701af657 · outbound

This paper cites Informed training set design enables efficient machine learning-assisted directed protein evolution.Cell systems, 12(11):1026–1045, 2021.

Steering Protein Language Models Informed training set design enables efficient machine learning-assisted directed protein evolution.Cell systems, 12(11):1026–1045, 2021

Reference 42

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verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:10:12.374224Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T21:10:12.123628Z digest=sha256:d94afb7da90230cd3b8e44b0100f600f3cd253ca19f14b6b6843fdf6e275c4d2

Observation 2f10e97d-6b28-43fe-a72f-dce332bbae63 · outbound

This paper cites Machine learning-assisted directed protein evolution with combinatorial libraries.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(18):8852–8858, 2019.

Steering Protein Language Models Machine learning-assisted directed protein evolution with combinatorial libraries.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(18):8852–8858, 2019

Reference 43

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:10:12.364063Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T21:10:12.126447Z digest=sha256:0d62b5b58781af377d0b22c910f1e22a713ba2ce90d4cc6f1ce2b30881c68f9d

Observation be598a88-e367-444c-ae80-5f02cfb6bb51 · outbound

This paper cites Active learning-assisted directed evolution.Nature Communications, 16(1):714, 2025.

Steering Protein Language Models Active learning-assisted directed evolution.Nature Communications, 16(1):714, 2025

Reference 44

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verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:10:12.353664Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T21:10:12.130048Z digest=sha256:e99e62ef10ee52c6aaa2f7a67f212b322fb184b72429a90020c5635fd3c89026

Observation 0e0d0f89-2440-4718-b29c-b5d4e01400f3 · outbound

This paper cites Multi-Scale Representation Learning for Protein Fitness Prediction.

Steering Protein Language Models Multi-Scale Representation Learning for Protein Fitness Prediction

Reference 45

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verified exact
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T21:10:12.190137Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T21:10:12.133275Z digest=sha256:44f0fd6554600c6468af12bb072bcb6af128c581d6795532fb61c3120504a283

Observation 5cefd36c-e900-4c6b-aaf4-390688eb59f4 · outbound

This paper cites Structure- informed language models are protein designers.

Steering Protein Language Models Structure- informed language models are protein designers

Reference 46

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:10:12.343142Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T21:10:12.137084Z digest=sha256:1e8ad5940fc2fab2a1478d93cb784d9c7696f9162da5233d4a5b6e7d2c5edffe

Observation aef7fd01-d6cf-4909-873a-7944c2174b41 · outbound

This paper cites Representation Engineering: A Top-Down Approach to AI Transparency.

Steering Protein Language Models Representation Engineering: A Top-Down Approach to AI Transparency

Reference 47

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:10:12.140345Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Pith citing papers

Observation 6575fd76-c47a-49e7-9ef4-94a97d933da6 · inbound

ProteinOPD: Towards Effective and Efficient Preference Alignment for Protein Design cites this paper.

ProteinOPD: Towards Effective and Efficient Preference Alignment for Protein Design Steering Protein Language Models

Reference 13

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verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-12T03:36:20.088216Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-05-12T03:36:04.905210Z digest=sha256:01e920f8fb5102d9dc8d42c79d49711c2016a9a4f225e32aacdc78a4db4111de

Observation 7baba128-ee49-49a0-9f9b-265a93067a6c · inbound

Inverted Detection and Control in Steering Vectors cites this paper.

Inverted Detection and Control in Steering Vectors Steering Protein Language Models

Reference 16

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:00:38.101968Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

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