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Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models

As of 14 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 48 of 48 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2509.09658.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2509.09658 v2

Coverage vector

measured 48 of 48 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-04T18:49:39.359035Z

measured 49 of 49 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-10T04:38:00.482850Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-05-10T12:10:22.857104Z

Reference resolution

48 of 48 outbound references displayed

  • verified exact0
  • verified fuzzy0
  • unresolved48
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  • malformed identifier0
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External citation measurements

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Outbound references

Observation 2c104604-99d4-459e-9b31-90b059fac6ce · outbound

This paper cites MME: A Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Models.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models MME: A Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Models

Reference 1

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Observation 7a4fc2c9-036f-4586-a17c-a5c2ea07f901 · outbound

This paper cites Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding

Reference 2

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source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-04T18:49:39.117825Z digest=sha256:31b9aa413da97706e0e4f8c8515c5e8daae189261f1e075c15b48a205bc94067

Observation c9527e80-3e6e-485b-944c-106cc17fb4b6 · outbound

This paper cites https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models https://arxiv.org/abs/2509

Reference 3

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Observation 3e72ce9f-2169-4ecf-a594-f518133d0ea1 · outbound

This paper cites Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 94(3), 509–539 (2017).

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 94(3), 509–539 (2017)

Reference 4

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source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-04T18:49:39.128849Z digest=sha256:95bb07f283cbb4cabfe01fd622b2924da87deb9ea257e065e21abf2657f60622

Observation d9719873-cfa2-4af6-b113-0b524a3509d6 · outbound

This paper cites The Journal of Positive Psychology 15(2), 155–170 (2020).

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models The Journal of Positive Psychology 15(2), 155–170 (2020)

Reference 5

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Observation 7aeb92df-6c41-49d3-a6b9-ae035942950d · outbound

This paper cites In: European Conference on Com- puter Vision, pp.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models In: European Conference on Com- puter Vision, pp

Reference 6

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Observation 04f482d4-31ae-4029-a0aa-f1b2cb714d25 · outbound

This paper cites Advances in neural information processing systems36, 49250–49267 (2023).

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models Advances in neural information processing systems36, 49250–49267 (2023)

Reference 7

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Observation e70ec8df-1f04-4e8d-836b-7a65585613cd · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5-VL Technical Report.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models Qwen2.5-VL Technical Report

Reference 8

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Observation 864c1b89-30b1-4162-bbd4-f1c5962b5d65 · outbound

This paper cites https://llava-vl.github.io/blog/ 2024-01-30-llava-next/.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models https://llava-vl.github.io/blog/ 2024-01-30-llava-next/

Reference 9

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Observation 2a62decb-1362-4af6-b498-f16a4c5b4267 · outbound

This paper cites In: Pro- ceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference, pp.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models In: Pro- ceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference, pp

Reference 10

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source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-04T18:49:39.161925Z digest=sha256:74e7468040256b47137af032f692bf52b0226f9076e4c6b9fb93fa2062206d9a

Observation 3c522ad6-caf0-478a-a615-3dc11257c2bf · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek-VL2: Mixture-of-Experts Vision-Language Models for Advanced Multimodal Understanding.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models DeepSeek-VL2: Mixture-of-Experts Vision-Language Models for Advanced Multimodal Understanding

Reference 11

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source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-04T18:49:39.166954Z digest=sha256:9eb8f597fd12f0db552682b8d4fc9d01de8c8d1596ec3eec3e206406609e16ef

Observation 4fee22be-3be4-4ec8-b4fa-cd5049c793de · outbound

This paper cites InternVL3: Exploring Advanced Training and Test-Time Recipes for Open-Source Multimodal Models.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models InternVL3: Exploring Advanced Training and Test-Time Recipes for Open-Source Multimodal Models

Reference 12

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source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-04T18:49:39.172950Z digest=sha256:685743f0752676abe2e79cdb23a7f3ec6dd47af48cf6ef25a2f8041c4901a9ca

Observation f0e841c4-a012-4c13-b2b3-5ea64ae74fae · outbound

This paper cites arXiv e-prints, 2407 (2024).

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models arXiv e-prints, 2407 (2024)

Reference 13

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Observation e007c5f3-f26b-48c8-8d64-70271b96a6ba · outbound

This paper cites Phi-4 Technical Report.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models Phi-4 Technical Report

Reference 14

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Observation e02be18e-3e16-4771-bd53-398ebac320c2 · outbound

This paper cites Gemma 3 Technical Report.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models Gemma 3 Technical Report

Reference 15

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Observation bec5736f-fd3a-46b8-9992-1f53373fb093 · outbound

This paper cites Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems37, 87310–87356 (2024).

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems37, 87310–87356 (2024)

Reference 16

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source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-04T18:49:39.194651Z digest=sha256:719e03d3b97ecd80c16cadd144c6decb26dd4197b21aafef5e26fdc982067e1b

Observation 374a927e-9cfd-4f37-ada0-6ea3e790d8b3 · outbound

This paper cites Pixtral 12B.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models Pixtral 12B

Reference 17

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source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-04T18:49:39.199732Z digest=sha256:02cb8c5bf3794e44e7d2aedfd8bec4183d5f047c3346f0e77e4cd074df8cfc60

Observation 887a9bfd-dcdf-4a24-99f5-8af7eb53e7af · outbound

This paper cites Building and better understanding vision-language models: insights and future directions.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models Building and better understanding vision-language models: insights and future directions

Reference 18

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source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-04T18:49:39.205111Z digest=sha256:a88d9f3d932fef5cfe70642550cd09613b8b17544ef5b442f860f6206a99332c

Observation de9ad62c-5e59-4149-b379-19b061b1f3eb · outbound

This paper cites In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp

Reference 19

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Observation 53aec416-a58f-4094-8e9d-41da5ae12f38 · outbound

This paper cites Ovis: Structural Embedding Alignment for Multimodal Large Language Model.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models Ovis: Structural Embedding Alignment for Multimodal Large Language Model

Reference 20

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Observation 4d257517-7fcc-4fae-ba0e-77b5f9c88cd8 · outbound

This paper cites Mulberry: Empowering MLLM with o1-like Reasoning and Reflection via Collective Monte Carlo Tree Search.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models Mulberry: Empowering MLLM with o1-like Reasoning and Reflection via Collective Monte Carlo Tree Search

Reference 21

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source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-04T18:49:39.220967Z digest=sha256:577c275ef73550e63a5651a93ef7f3db9669a32998434cb2df761324c31b02ce

Observation da279752-465b-4be7-9251-0e71f6996679 · outbound

This paper cites R1-Onevision: Advancing Generalized Multimodal Reasoning through Cross-Modal Formalization.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models R1-Onevision: Advancing Generalized Multimodal Reasoning through Cross-Modal Formalization

Reference 22

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source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-04T18:49:39.225964Z digest=sha256:16040ceb1775d4184f7d7fe14f9f6dc29904987be1e2d5f8fd5daec25dc55616

Observation 3b86c7c0-8c79-46f9-972a-6835decb9909 · outbound

This paper cites arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.14677 (2025).

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.14677 (2025)

Reference 23

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source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-04T18:49:39.230894Z digest=sha256:b7fc62502f17500ddfeafc32da4ed1fccea461effc5698bf092b8db6a49b3f26

Observation 27e28219-6103-4299-9829-ef88fe3faeea · outbound

This paper cites LLaVA-CoT: Let Vision Language Models Reason Step-by-Step.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models LLaVA-CoT: Let Vision Language Models Reason Step-by-Step

Reference 24

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source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-04T18:49:39.235545Z digest=sha256:402ce02e572ac1337c99914d719006c73dad260e20adfaad4db2baa2d17ae49c

Observation d1f28b5b-82f9-46e8-af40-2d89eddcdbe0 · outbound

This paper cites R1-VL: Learning to Reason with Multimodal Large Language Models via Step-wise Group Relative Policy Optimization.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models R1-VL: Learning to Reason with Multimodal Large Language Models via Step-wise Group Relative Policy Optimization

Reference 25

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source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-04T18:49:39.240888Z digest=sha256:c24a9abda9771693f6591caf49b36e9a6e794763c7e0b16862682e0f88e29c27

Observation 17c5539e-fac0-45ac-a0a3-fb078f287372 · outbound

This paper cites GLM-4.5V and GLM-4.1V-Thinking: Towards Versatile Multimodal Reasoning with Scalable Reinforcement Learning.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models GLM-4.5V and GLM-4.1V-Thinking: Towards Versatile Multimodal Reasoning with Scalable Reinforcement Learning

Reference 26

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Observation d8efb1a1-a16b-4598-a07d-c219e935cd2b · outbound

This paper cites Scaling LLM Test-Time Compute Optimally can be More Effective than Scaling Model Parameters.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models Scaling LLM Test-Time Compute Optimally can be More Effective than Scaling Model Parameters

Reference 27

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Observation c2cf5114-b492-4bf4-9e75-99a4b7363879 · outbound

This paper cites Mitigating Hallucination in Large Multi-Modal Models via Robust Instruction Tuning.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models Mitigating Hallucination in Large Multi-Modal Models via Robust Instruction Tuning

Reference 28

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Observation f0db9edc-6391-4b59-aed1-aa5da3eb403c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

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Observation 3b1420af-fd05-433b-898a-1656bd84c374 · outbound

This paper cites In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp

Reference 30

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Observation 45d7c96d-3eb9-4896-a615-c594a8a50d7d · outbound

This paper cites In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp

Reference 31

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source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-04T18:49:39.270755Z digest=sha256:540d3a8426d8c5e09d82f4ad7c9becf9b7c9c1dca741063109285c173d65fd65

Observation 06303beb-710c-4410-b6d8-481a5b830006 · outbound

This paper cites In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp

Reference 32

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Observation 6dc31240-7cae-4fc1-a29d-a668e1ca993c · outbound

This paper cites In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp

Reference 33

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Observation f777adf6-3eaf-4d01-9ee8-3332ee5c858c · outbound

This paper cites In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Con- ference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Con- ference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp

Reference 34

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Observation 1e7dcb10-4c53-46c0-9184-8707c702b8e3 · outbound

This paper cites In: Pro- ceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models In: Pro- ceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp

Reference 35

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Observation ae22c641-878c-4414-97a3-0198f1d3edf4 · outbound

This paper cites In: Pro- ceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models In: Pro- ceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp

Reference 36

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Observation 1ba47e0b-cff9-499c-875a-e7abfa9edccc · outbound

This paper cites Mitigating Hallucinations in Large Vision-Language Models with Instruction Contrastive Decoding.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models Mitigating Hallucinations in Large Vision-Language Models with Instruction Contrastive Decoding

Reference 37

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Observation ed3aaf15-bc50-4651-95cd-27e192709173 · outbound

This paper cites ACM computing surveys 55(12), 1–38 (2023).

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models ACM computing surveys 55(12), 1–38 (2023)

Reference 38

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Observation 5b85c666-b45a-4994-943d-745511365d06 · outbound

This paper cites A Survey on Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models A Survey on Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models

Reference 39

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Observation 427cbd89-ce35-49e3-99a0-a3f91511c1a7 · outbound

This paper cites In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp

Reference 40

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This paper cites In: European Conference on Computer Vision, pp.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models In: European Conference on Computer Vision, pp

Reference 41

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This paper cites Reefknot: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Relation Hallucination Evaluation, Analysis and Mitigation in Multimodal Large Language Models.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models Reefknot: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Relation Hallucination Evaluation, Analysis and Mitigation in Multimodal Large Language Models

Reference 42

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Observation 029c42bc-da45-4ba3-a863-519c48bdbd07 · outbound

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Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models Evaluating Object Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models

Reference 43

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This paper cites DASH: Detection and Assessment of Systematic Hallucinations of VLMs.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models DASH: Detection and Assessment of Systematic Hallucinations of VLMs

Reference 44

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Observation 0dbb9abd-6e67-48b8-8aa3-e0bae43edbac · outbound

This paper cites CoRR (2024).

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models CoRR (2024)

Reference 45

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Observation edbeefc7-ac7e-4515-b6b2-a6f81423b780 · outbound

This paper cites In: Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Multime- dia, pp.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models In: Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Multime- dia, pp

Reference 46

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Observation dca8c899-cc91-4d6c-a74f-0d147906c1bc · outbound

This paper cites In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp

Reference 47

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Observation d46b12ac-1e3a-4c19-a9f1-cff16e093d2b · outbound

This paper cites LongHalQA: Long-Context Hallucination Evaluation for MultiModal Large Language Models.

Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models LongHalQA: Long-Context Hallucination Evaluation for MultiModal Large Language Models

Reference 48

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Pith citing papers

Observation 7af1d40f-d900-43e1-9061-e0f5585b3eb4 · inbound

Learning from AVA: Early Lessons from a Curated and Trustworthy Generative AI for Policy and Development Research cites this paper.

Learning from AVA: Early Lessons from a Curated and Trustworthy Generative AI for Policy and Development Research Measuring Epistemic Humility in Multimodal Large Language Models

Reference 106

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