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Experimental Review of the Quarkonium Physics at the LHC

T0 review · 2 major / 6 minor · reviewed 2026-08-15 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read This review argues that LHC quarkonium measurements now test QCD production precisely, reveal sequential bottomonium melting, and establish toponium and all-charm tetraquarks.

desk verdict A current and well-referenced review of LHC quarkonium physics, but Section 2.1.3 overstates the t-tbar threshold excess as a confirmed toponium bound state; worth publishing after that section is rewritten. read the letter →

arxiv 2509.10330 v1 pith:VH6D6LDV submitted 2025-09-12 hep-ex

Yiyang Zhao , Jinfeng Liu , Xing Cheng , Chi Wang , Zhen Hu This is my paper · ORCID
classification hep-ex
keywords quarkoniumLHCNRQCDtoponiumall-charmtetraquarkquark-gluonplasmasequentialmeltingmulti-quarkoniumproduction
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This review argues that LHC Run-2 and early Run-3 data have moved quarkonium physics from spectroscopy into precision tests of quantum chromodynamics. It assembles measurements of charmonium and bottomonium production cross-sections and polarizations that constrain non-relativistic QCD factorization and production models, and it reads the suppression of excited bottomonium states in lead-lead collisions as evidence for sequential melting in the quark-gluon plasma. The boldest claims are the first observation of a toponium quasi-bound state near threshold and the establishment of a family of all-charm tetraquark candidates decaying to $J/\psi$ pairs. A sympathetic reader would take the review as saying that quarkonium final states now probe QCD from the Coulombic binding of the heaviest quark to the deconfined medium.

What carries the argument

The machinery is the heavy quarkonium system itself: a non-relativistic bound state of a heavy quark and its antiquark, whose small velocity justifies effective field theories and whose binding is controlled by the QCD Coulomb potential. Within that system, the theoretical engine is non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD), an effective field theory that factorizes short-distance production from universal non-perturbative matrix elements. The argument runs through a small set of observables: differential production cross-sections $d^2\sigma/(dp_T\,dy)$, polarization parameters $\lambda_\theta$ extracted from dilepton angular distributions, nuclear modification factors $R_{AA}$ and $R_{p\mathrm{Pb}}$ that isolate medium and cold-nuclear-matter effects, and invariant-mass spectra of di- and tri-quarkonium final states used to locate resonances. These observables carry the review's claims because each one is a measurement that a specific QCD mechanism must reproduce.

What would settle it

A reader could settle the toponium claim by re-analyzing the $m(t\bar{t})$ distribution with an alternative, threshold-resummed description of the non-resonant $t\bar{t}$ background: if the excess disappears without a bound-state component, or if a spin-parity measurement excludes the $1S_0$ pseudoscalar assignment, the quasi-bound-state interpretation fails. Separately, the all-charm tetraquark family could be tested by confirming the spin-parity $J^{PC}=2^{++}$ assignment and checking whether the $X(6600)$ and $X(7100)$ states survive in an analysis with different interference assumptions.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

On the paper's own terms, the central discovery is that quarkonium observables at the LHC now discriminate among QCD production mechanisms and expose new states. Production cross-sections and polarization parameters of $J/\psi$, $\psi(2S)$, and $\Upsilon(nS)$ states match no single existing model, but they are precise enough to sharpen non-relativistic QCD extractions. In heavy-ion collisions, the measured nuclear modification factors $R_{AA}$ show a clear hierarchy $\Upsilon(1S) > \Upsilon(2S) > \Upsilon(3S)$, which the review presents as sequential melting of bound states in a deconfined medium. The review also reports a $t\bar{t}$ invariant-mass excess near threshold, interpreted as the $1S_0$ pseudoscalar quasi-bound state predicted by the QCD Coulomb potential, with consistent cross-sections from the two observations, and a family of all-charm tetraquarks $X(6600)$, $X(6900)$, $X(7100)$ seen in $J/\psi J/\psi$ and $J/\psi\psi(2S)$ spectra with consistent masses.

Load-bearing premise

The review's boldest claim assumes that the excess of top-quark-pair events near the production threshold is really a new bound state, and not an artifact of imperfect background modeling or of the particular angular assumptions used to separate signal from background.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If the toponium interpretation holds, the $t\bar{t}$ threshold excess becomes the first observed QCD Coulomb bound state, and Run-3 measurements of its mass, width, and spin-parity would constrain the top Yukawa coupling and test NRQCD in a new regime.
  • The measured $R_{AA}$ hierarchy for $\Upsilon$ states, if correct, supports sequential melting as a quark-gluon-plasma signature and motivates similar measurements in smaller collision systems such as oxygen-oxygen and neon-neon.
  • The consistent masses of $X(6600)$, $X(6900)$, and $X(7100)$ across experiments would establish an all-charm tetraquark family and constrain its internal configuration through the measured $J^{PC}=2^{++}$ quantum numbers.
  • The first observation of triple $J/\psi$ production with a small effective cross-section would open triple-parton-scattering dynamics to quantitative study.
  • The precision of production cross-sections and polarization data would place tighter constraints on NRQCD long-distance matrix elements and motivate higher-order theoretical calculations.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the toponium quasi-bound state is confirmed, the same threshold-enhancement technique could be applied to other heavy-flavor pairs, such as bottomonium pairs, where the Coulomb attraction is weaker but still potentially resolvable with future data.
  • The systematic tension in effective cross-section values between quarkonium and jet or electroweak final states, noted in the review, suggests that the effective cross-section may not be universal; a dedicated measurement of double $J/\psi$ production in the central rapidity region would help resolve it.
  • The review's observation that resonant contributions are not subtracted in di-quarkonium cross-section measurements implies that future $J/\psi$-pair cross-sections should be re-evaluated with the all-charm tetraquark resonances included, which could shift the extracted single- versus double-parton-scattering fractions.
  • If the sequential melting pattern holds across collision systems, the planned oxygen-oxygen and neon-neon runs would provide a crucial interpolation between $pp$ and PbPb and test whether suppression scales with system size rather than energy density alone.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

2 major / 6 minor

Summary. This manuscript is a review article summarizing recent heavy-quarkonium measurements at the LHC across pp, pPb, and PbPb collisions, based on Run-2 and early Run-3 data from ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb. The paper covers prompt and non-prompt charmonium and bottomonium production cross-sections, polarization measurements, quarkonium suppression in heavy-ion collisions, cold nuclear matter effects in pPb collisions, multiplicity dependence, ultraperipheral collisions, and multi-quarkonium production including di- and tri-J/psi final states and searches for fully charmed tetraquarks. A distinct section (2.1.3) discusses the recent ttbar threshold excess and interprets it as evidence for a toponium quasi-bound state. The abstract and summary elevate this to a definitive observation and also describe the multi-quarkonium resonances as a discovered family of all-charm tetraquarks.

Significance. If the interpretations were accepted without qualification, the review would be a valuable and unusually candid snapshot of LHC quarkonium physics: it is largely faithful to the cited experimental papers, it explicitly acknowledges limitations (forward-only fiducial coverage for J/psi J/psi, missing resonant contributions in the J/psi J/psi cross-section, and the theoretical uncertainty in SPS/DPS separation), and it compiles a broad set of recent results in one place. The paper performs no derivations, so concerns about circular fitted-parameter predictions do not arise; the single self-citation (Hu et al., ref. [60]) is peripheral to the central content. The main significance risk is that the most novel claims—the 'first observation' of a ttbar quasi-bound-state and the 'discovery' of a family of all-charm tetraquarks—are stated more strongly than the primary experimental papers support, and these claims are load-bearing for the abstract and the summary.

major comments (2)
  1. [Section 2.1.3 and Abstract] The review states that CMS and ATLAS announced 'the first observation of the t-tbar quasi-bound-state' and quotes production cross-sections sigma(pp -> eta_ttbar) in Eq. (2). The cited primary papers (refs. [3,4]) report an 'excess' and a 'cross-section enhancement' near the t-tbar threshold; the identification of that excess with a Coulombic 1S_0^[1] toponium state is a theoretical interpretation layered on the measured m(ttbar) distribution, not a directly established quantum state. The fitted cross-sections are conditional on the simulated eta_ttbar signal template, so the quoted numbers are not model-independent measurements. The review itself concedes in the same section that 'the simulation near the top pair production threshold remains challenging, necessitating additional theoretical calculations and experimental verification.' Because the abstract and Section 5 both present the observation as established, and because the subsequent statements about Sommerfeld-effect verification, top-Yukawa constraints, and maximal-entanglement sources all depend on this attribution, the language should be tempered to 'evidence for' or 'consistent with' a quasi-bound-state, with the model-dependence of the cross-section extraction stated explicitly.
  2. [Section 4.2, Table 2] The text claims that the observed resonances in the J/psi J/psi and J/psi psi(2S) channels 'represent the first experimental discovery of a family of all-charm tetraquarks T_cccc'. This overstates the evidence: in Table 2, the X(7100) significance is 3.0 sigma (ATLAS, J/psi psi(2S)) and 4.0 sigma (CMS, J/psi psi(2S)), and the X(6900) significance in the ATLAS J/psi psi(2S) channel is 4.3 sigma, all below the conventional 5-sigma discovery threshold. Furthermore, the CMS paper cited for the family (ref. [15]) is titled 'Observation of a family of all-charm tetraquark candidates', and the CMS spin-parity determination (ref. [149]) is derived under specific interference assumptions. The review should distinguish resonances established at 5 sigma or above from candidates and should carry the 'candidates' qualifier into the summary and abstract.
minor comments (6)
  1. [Section 2.1.1] The paragraph beginning 'In pp collisions at sqrt(s)=13 TeV and 13.6 TeV, ALICE measured the inclusive cross-section ratio sigma_psi(2S)/sigma_J/psi ...' is duplicated verbatim immediately after Figure 11; one copy should be removed.
  2. [Section 4.3] The word 'sparation' in the sentence describing the SPS/DPS/TPS separation should be 'separation'.
  3. [Section 5] The phrase 'coor screening' should read 'color screening'.
  4. [Figure 22 caption] The caption describes the 'Right' panel before the 'Left' panel, which is inconsistent with the usual ordering and with the figure layout; please harmonize the order.
  5. [References] Reference [106] is cited for the LHCb pPb 8.16 TeV quarkonium measurements, but the listed reference is a conference proceedings contribution; the primary LHCb paper should be cited instead.
  6. [Section 4.1.1] The sentence 'The estimation of sigma_eff using the result of LHCb at 7 TeV can be difficult [146]' is unclear and should be rephrased to state what difficulty is being referred to.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 2.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the review compiles external LHC measurements; the only self-citation is a peripheral prior CMS bottomonium review, and no fitted parameter is dressed as a prediction in the review itself.

full rationale

This manuscript is a data-review article rather than a derivation: its equations (1), (3), (5), (8), (10), and (11) are standard definitions or measurement unfoldings, not first-principles predictions. The central content—quarkonium cross-sections, polarizations, R_AA/R_pA, effective cross-sections, and tetraquark masses—is compiled from ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb results with external benchmark comparisons, so there is no fitted parameter that is later renamed as a prediction in the review itself. The only self-citation is ref. [60] (Hu et al., a previous CMS bottomonium review), which is used as a supporting reference for a section summarizing external measurements and is not load-bearing for any conclusion. Section 2.1.3 does go beyond the CMS/ATLAS 'excess'/'enhancement' language by calling the result 'the first observation of the t¯t quasi-bound-state,' and the quoted cross-sections are extracted by fitting a simulated η_t¯t template; this is an interpretive/correctness concern about the strength of the claim, not a circularity in the review's own derivation chain, and the review itself concedes threshold modeling remains challenging. Score 2 reflects only the presence of a non-load-bearing self-citation; no circular step is identified.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The review introduces no free parameters and no new entities. Effective cross-sections, resonance masses, and nuclear modification factors quoted in the text are external measurements from cited collaborations. Standard formulas such as R_AA and the DPS effective cross-section definition are quoted definitions, not fitted constants. The assumptions listed above are the load-bearing premises the review inherits from the literature.

assumptions (3)
  • domain assumption The cited ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb measurements are correctly reported, with quoted uncertainties and acceptance corrections.
    The review reanalyzes no data; all physics statements in Sections 2-4 inherit the validity of the cited experimental papers.
  • domain assumption NRQCD, color-singlet, color-octet, and color-evaporation models are appropriate frameworks for interpreting quarkonium production and polarization.
    Sections 1.1 and 2.2 frame all production comparisons in these effective QCD models; the review does not prove them but uses them as the accepted interpretive lens.
  • domain assumption The ttbar invariant-mass excess near threshold is a quasi-bound toponium state rather than a background or resummation artifact.
    Section 2.1.3 converts the CMS/ATLAS excess into the 'first observation' of eta_ttbar; this interpretation is load-bearing for the review's toponium claims.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Experimental Review of the Quarkonium Physics at the LHC." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/VH6D6LDV

@misc{pith2026250910330,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Experimental Review of the Quarkonium Physics at the LHC},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/VH6D6LDV}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2509.10330}
}
abstract

We review recent heavy quarkonium measurements in $pp$, $p\mathrm{Pb}$, and $\mathrm{PbPb}$ collisions at the LHC by the ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb collaborations using Run 2 and early Run 3 data. Production studies include present differential cross sections and polarization measurements of charmonium and bottomonium, providing precise tests of QCD theoretical calculations and unveiling symmetry relations among spin and orbital configurations. Notably, a $t\bar{t}$ quasi bound state has been observed at the LHC recently. Suppression analyses quantify the sequential melting of bottomonium states in $\mathrm{PbPb}$ collisions, serving as a probe of the deconfined quark gluon plasma. Cold nuclear matter effects are constrained through comparisons of quarkonium yields in $p\mathrm{Pb}$ and $pp$ collisions. Furthermore, multi quarkonium investigations observe di and tri quarkonium production processes and resonances, exploring multi parton interactions and the symmetry structure underlying exotic hadron states.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2509.10330 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Representation of the charmonium spectrum, adopted from the Particle Data Group 2024 Review [29]. Dashed lines denote cc¯ states not yet experimentally established. Arrows denote the dominant hadronic transitions. For clarity, single-photon transitions such as ψ(nS) → γ ηc(mS), ψ(nS) → γ χc J(1P), χc J(1P) → γ J/ψ have been omitted. The thresholds corresponding to a pair of ground-state open-charm mesons are marked … view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Representation of the bottomonium spectrum, adopted from the Particle Data Group 2024 Review [29]. Dashed lines denote b ¯b states not yet experimentally established. Arrows denote the dominant hadronic transi￾tions. For clarity, single-photon transitions such as Υ(nS) → γ ηb (mS), Υ(nS) → γ χb J(mP), χb J(nP) → γ Υ(mS) have been omitted. The thresholds corresponding to a pair of ground-state open-bottom mesons are … view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Dimuon mass spectrum of CMS in 2016 pp collisions at 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 13.1 fb−1 . Colored shaded bands indicate the mass windows of dedicated trigger paths: ϕ (magenta), J/ψ (red), ψ ′ (blue), Bs (cyan), and Υ (green). The dark and light gray bands show the acceptances of the low-mass dimuon+track triggers and inclusive dimuon triggers, respectively [40] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/… view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (47 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Dimuon mass spectrum of ATLAS in 2018 pp collisions at 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 58.45 fb−1 . Shaded histograms show contributions from low-mass ϕ (yellow), J/ψ (red) and Υ(nS) (green and blue) resonances under different muon transverse-momen…
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Dimuon mass spectrum of LHCb at 13 TeV divided by opposite or same sign muon pair [42] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Dimuon mass spectrum in pp collisions at 13.6 TeV recorded by ALICE. Black points show opposite-sign pairs N+−. Blue open squares denote the like-sign combinatorial background B = 2R √ N++N−−. Red circles are the signal S = N+− − B. The inset zooms the low-mass region …
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Integrated luminosity recorded by the CMS experiment in pp, pPb and PbPb collisions during LHC Run￾2 and Run-3. Left: the integrated luminosity delivered by the LHC and recorded by CMS during pp collisions in Run-2 and Run-3. Right: the integrated luminosity for PbPb a…
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Prompt and non-prompt J/ψ (top) and ψ(2S) (bottom) double-differential cross-sections measured by ATLAS in pp collisions at √ s = 13 TeV [53] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_8.png]
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Prompt J/ψ and ψ(2S) double-differential cross-sections measured by CMS in pp collisions at √ s = 13 TeV [52] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_9.png]
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Inclusive J/ψ (left) and ψ(2S) (right) differential cross-sections measured by LHCb in pp collisions at √ s = 13 TeV [56]. In pp collisions at √ s = 13 TeV and 13.6 TeV, ALICE measured the inclusive cross-section ratio σψ(2S) σJ/ψ at midrapidity (|y| < 0.9) in the e +…
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Left: Inclusive ψ(2S)/J/ψ cross-section ratio as a function of transverse momentum pT in pp collisions at √ s = 13 TeV, compared with NRQCD [58] and ICEM [59] predictions. Right: pT-dependent measurements of σψ(2S)/σJ/ψ at midrapidity (|y| < 0.9) and forward rapidity …
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Υ(nS)(n = 1, 2, 3) double-differential cross-sections measured by CMS at √ s = 13 TeV [60]. Those measurements exhibit coherent dependencies on pT, y, and event variables, with cross￾experiment agreement within uncertainties. Increased statistics and reduced systemati…
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Left: inclusive Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) production cross-sections at forward rapidity as a function of pT in pp collisions at √ s = 13 TeV, compared to ICEM+FONLL calculations [63,64]. Right: rapidity dependence of the inclusive Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) cross-sections at forward y in …
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Normalized ratios σΥ(2S) σΥ(1S) and σΥ(3S) σΥ(1S) as functions of the self-normalised multiplicity NPV fwd (left) and NPV bwd (right) for 2.0 < y < 4.5 and 0 < pT < 30 GeV/c [62] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_14.png]
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Fits on the m(t ¯t) dimension with the ATLAS ηt ¯t search. Top panel: event distributions (black dots) and fits (filled area) in nine categories. Middle panel: event distributions with the background contributions subtracted (distributions of the excess) and the simul…
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: Non-prompt J/ψ polarization parameter λθ as a function of pT in pp collisions at √ s = 13 TeV measured by CMS [85]. Vertical bars indicate total uncertainties. Predictions for J/ψ polarization from B → J/ψX decays are shown for three theoretical calculations [86,87], …
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: Prompt J/ψ (left) and ψ(2S) (right) polarization parameter λθ as a function of pT in pp collisions at √ s = 13 TeV measured by CMS [85]. Compared with CMS [76] and LHCb [78] results at √ s = 7 TeV. Vertical bars indicate total uncertainties. In heavy-ion collisions, p…
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: J/ψ polarization parameters as functions pT in PbPb collisions at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV measured by ALICE [88], compared with the ALICE inclusive pp measurement at √ s = 8 TeV [80] and the LHCb prompt J/ψ result in pp at √ s = 7 TeV [78] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_…
Figure 19
Figure 19. Figure 19: Υ(1S) polarization parameters as functions pT in PbPb collisions at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV measured by ALICE [88] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_19.png]
Figure 20
Figure 20. Figure 20: Nuclear modification factors RAA of Υ(nS)(n = 1, 2, 3) as functions of ⟨Npart⟩ measured by CMS at 2.76 TeV [91]. Statistical (systematic) uncertainties are drawn as vertical bars (boxes), while global normalization uncertainties from the PbPb measurement (3.2%) and th…
Figure 21
Figure 21. Figure 21: Nuclear modification factors RAA for Υ(1S), Υ(2S) and Υ(2S + 3S) as a function of ⟨Npart⟩ (left), pT (middle) and |y| (right) in PbPb at 5.02 TeV [92] compared to the theoretical calculation [94,95]. Dark bands indicate uncertainties from the nPDF choice, while light …
Figure 22
Figure 22. Figure 22: Right: Nuclear modification factor ratio RAA(Υ(2S)) RAA(Υ(1S)) versus the average number of participants ⟨Npart⟩ in PbPb and pp collisions at 5.02 TeV, shown atop statistical hadronization model values [96] with the red-filled box at unity indicating the pp reference …
Figure 23
Figure 23. Figure 23: RpPb for non-prompt J/ψ as a function of pT in seven yCM intervals, where vertical bars show statistical uncertainties, shaded boxes denote systematic uncertainties, and the fully correlated global uncertainty of 4.2% is indicated by a grey box at RpPb = 1 next to the…
Figure 24
Figure 24. Figure 24: Dependence of the RFB for prompt J/ψ on hadronic activity, quantified by the transverse energy E HF T deposited at large pseudorapidity |η| > 4. Data points are slightly shifted horizontally to avoid overlap, vertical bars denote statistical uncertainties, and shaded …
Figure 25
Figure 25. Figure 25: RpPb of Υ(1S), Υ(2S), and Υ(3S) (red circles) for the integrated kinematic range 0 < p Υ T < 30 GeV/c and |η Υ CM| < 1.93. The RpPb results are compared to CMS results on Υ(nS) RAA (blue squares for Υ(1S) and Υ(2S)) and the blue arrow for the upper limit at 95% confid…
Figure 26
Figure 26. Figure 26: Nuclear modification factor RpPb versus pT (top) and y (bottom) for prompt J/ψ (left) and non-prompt J/ψ (right). The horizontal position of each point is the mean of the weighted pT distribution and the box width is the corresponding pT bin size. Vertical error bars …
Figure 27
Figure 27. Figure 27: The bottomonium double-ratio ρ Υ(nS)/Υ(1S) pPb = RpPb(Υ(nS)) RpPb(Υ(1S)) as a function of event centrality in pPb collisions. Vertical error bars show statistical uncertainties, colored box heights indicate uncorrelated system￾atic uncertainties, and the leftmost yell…
Figure 28
Figure 28. Figure 28: Nuclear modification factor RpPb of prompt J/ψ as a function of rapidity (top left) and versus transverse momentum pT at midrapidity alongside inclusive J/ψ (top right) in pPb collisions at 5.02 TeV, measured by ALICE [105], compared with LHCb measurements at backward…
Figure 29
Figure 29. Figure 29: Top: Nuclear modification factor RpPb for prompt (left) and non-prompt (right) J/ψ mesons at 8.16 TeV (black points), displayed together with the 5.02 TeV measurements and various theoretical predictions. Bottom: RpPb for prompt (left) and non-prompt (right) ψ(2S) at …
Figure 30
Figure 30. Figure 30: Top: Nuclear modification factor RpPb for Υ(1S) (left) and Υ(2S) (right) as a function of rapidity in pPb and Pbp collisions at 8.16 TeV. Bottom: Nuclear modification factor ratio RpPb(Υ(nS)) RpPb(Υ(1S)) for Υ(2S) (left) and Υ(3S) (right) versus rapidity [106]. 3.3. M…
Figure 31
Figure 31. Figure 31: Upper: the prompt normalized cross-section ratio versus normalized event charged-particle multiplicity for four different rapidity selections. The different sets of colored data points have a slight horizontal offset applied for visual clarity. Lower: the same observa…
Figure 32
Figure 32. Figure 32: Normalized production ratio as a function of (left) NPV bwd/⟨NPV bwd⟩NB, with −30 < zPV < 180 mm, and (right) NPV fwd/⟨NPV fwd⟩NB, with −180 < zPV < 180 mm, integrated over the full pT-y range of 2.0 < y < 4.5 and 0.3 < pT < 20 GeV/c [108] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/fu…
Figure 33
Figure 33. Figure 33: Left: ψ(2S) production cross-sections shown as a function of centrality of the collision ⟨Ncoll⟩ for pPb and Pbp collisions. Right: (BRψ(2S)→µ+µ− × σψ(2S) )/ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_33.png]
Figure 34
Figure 34. Figure 34: J/ψ relative yield as a function of the relative multiplicity in the V0C acceptance −3.7 < η < −1.7, compared with PYTHIA 8.3 [112], EPOS4HQ [113] and two 3-Pomeron CGC model predictions [114,115]. The dotted line represents the diagonal [111]. 3.4. Production in Ultr…
Figure 35
Figure 35. Figure 35: Differential cross-section versus rapidity for coherent J/ψ production in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions at 2.76 TeV, measured by ALICE [118,119] and CMS [116]. The vertical error bars include the statistical and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature, and the …
Figure 36
Figure 36. Figure 36: Differential cross-section as a function of rapidity for coherent J/ψ production compared to different phenomenological predictions [120–124]. The measurements are shown as points, where the inner and outer error bars represent the statistical and the total uncertaint…
Figure 37
Figure 37. Figure 37: Cross-section for the incoherent photoproduction of J/ψ vector mesons in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV measured at midrapidity [125]. The uncorrelated uncertainty (statistical and systematic added in quadrature) is indicated with the vertical bar, while …
Figure 38
Figure 38. Figure 38: Differential cross-sections for exclusive γγ → µ +µ − production measured by ALICE in pPb UPCs at 8.16 TeV as a function of Mµµ, for 2.5 < y < 3.25 (left) and 3.25 < y < 4 (right) [126]. The vertical error bars represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties su…
Figure 39
Figure 39. Figure 39: Projection of fit on the lifetime of OS muon pair dimensions with the LHCb J/ψJ/ψ measurement. The black solid line represents the dataset, and the blue solid line represents the total fit [141] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p028_39.png]
Figure 40
Figure 40. Figure 40: Differential cross-section distribution of ∆y (left) and m(Υ(1S)Υ(1S)) (right) dimensions (black dots) with the CMS Υ(1S)Υ(1S) measurement. SPS and DPS distributions are also represented by the orange and magenta dashed lines. Fits were applied on these two dimensions…
Figure 41
Figure 41. Figure 41: Differential cross-section (black dots), SPS cross-section (blue dots) with the LHCb J/ψJ/ψ measure￾ment, and NLO* CS prediction (purple bands) in ∆y (left) and ∆ϕ (right) dimensions [141]. A comprehensive methodology has been established by the LHCb’s study of J/ψJ/ψ…
Figure 42
Figure 42. Figure 42: Projection of fit on the invariant mass of OS muon pair dimensions with the CMS pPb → J/ψJ/ψ measurement. The black solid line represents the total fit, and the red area represents the signal yield [148]. Despite the quite limited statistics, DPS and SPS contributions…
Figure 43
Figure 43. Figure 43: Event distribution of ∆y (black dots), fitted DPS distribution (blue bands) and fitted total distribution (red bands) with the CMS pPb → J/ψJ/ψ measurement [148]. The significance of the signal reaches 5.3 standard deviations, representing the first observation of the…
Figure 44
Figure 44. Figure 44: Event distribution of m(J/ψJ/ψ) of the LHCb collaboration and fit with interference [14] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p033_44.png]
Figure 45
Figure 45. Figure 45: Event distribution of m(J/ψJ/ψ) (left) and fit with interference (between the first resonance and SPS) and m(J/ψψ(2S)) (right) and fit with one resonance assumption of the ATLAS collaboration [17] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p034_45.png]
Figure 46
Figure 46. Figure 46: Event distribution of m(J/ψJ/ψ) of the CMS collaboration and fit with interference. Left: CMS Run-2 data [147]; Right: CMS Run-2 and Run-3 data [15] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p034_46.png]
Figure 47
Figure 47. Figure 47: Event distribution of J/ψψ(2S) of the CMS collaboration and fit with interference [16]. The mass and width of the resonances were determined through fits to the m(J/ψJ/ψ(ψ(2S))) dimension. SPS, DPS, combinatorial backgrounds, and feed-down from heavier charmonium stat…
Figure 48
Figure 48. Figure 48: Statistical tests of various J P hypotheses against the 2+ model from the CMS experiment [149]. 4.3. Triple J/ψ Candidate Search Another experimental effort focused on searching for triple produced J/ψ candidates in pp colli￾sions at 13 TeV. This final state offers a …
Figure 49
Figure 49. Figure 49: Projection of fit on the mass of OS muon pair dimensions with the CMS triple J/ψ measurement. The black solid line represents the total fit, and the red area represents the signal yield [161]. The total production cross-section was calculated to be σ(pp → 3J/ψ) = 272+…
Figure 50
Figure 50. Figure 50: Effective cross-section measurement results of this review (red) and previous studies [145,148] (blue and black). The CMS collaboration’s pioneering search for triple J/ψ production represented the first obser￾vation of this process in pp collisions, with a significan…

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    hep-ex 2026-01 accept novelty 4.0 of 10

    First CMS measurement of Υ(1S), Υ(2S), and Υ(3S) differential cross sections at √s=13.6 TeV, extending the pT reach from 100 to 200 GeV.

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