Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles?

As of 20 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 27 of 27 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2509.21820.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2509.21820 v2

Coverage vector

measured 27 of 27 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-21T22:41:03.883239Z

measured 27 of 27 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

27 of 27 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy11
unresolved14
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch1

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 715d8491-2da2-4694-8254-8e41e9adfdcd · outbound

This paper cites Proof or Bluff? Evaluating LLMs on 2025 USA Math Olympiad.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Proof or Bluff? Evaluating LLMs on 2025 USA Math Olympiad

Reference 1

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-21T22:44:24.438380Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 5b353b14-83ac-46a2-9ef5-5599326a44c3 · outbound

This paper cites A Comprehensive Survey on Pretrained Foundation Models: A History from BERT to ChatGPT.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? A Comprehensive Survey on Pretrained Foundation Models: A History from BERT to ChatGPT

Reference 2

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-21T22:44:24.440670Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation bb65968d-fd40-4824-828f-ce4eaab099ff · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.787976Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 3ed84c43-7e46-4238-b68a-d240b9da9f0c · outbound

This paper cites Did you use or create scientific artifacts?.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Did you use or create scientific artifacts?

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.775620Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 13555656-1fd8-4934-9e07-73c5613f2a6e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.770261Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 5d07b3ee-04ad-4e4b-bf40-f84f855c4302 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.783116Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 2adfd155-7582-4344-ade2-39930ba8372d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.777921Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation aeec672a-6063-4910-8e43-f918f2708506 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.785772Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation b6d32889-bfa9-4488-9801-4f97319fe3ee · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.765007Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation ebf51c39-5360-4ede-95f3-807f4326e33b · outbound

This paper cites for the data that you used / created? [Yes] We report the relevant statistics in Section 3, 4, 5.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? for the data that you used / created? [Yes] We report the relevant statistics in Section 3, 4, 5

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.780771Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation ee52f665-125c-4311-a2a5-837860c0d8d4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.773330Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation c00d1632-32eb-4bc8-87c5-4dbb9d2aea20 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.767157Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 73c11bec-19f3-4bee-b01f-6e0ceb7cd749 · outbound

This paper cites or just a single run? [Yes]: Sections 3, 4, 5.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? or just a single run? [Yes]: Sections 3, 4, 5

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.762826Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation df08453b-0a0e-4444-95d2-c3fbe2490853 · outbound

This paper cites Did you use human annotators (e.g., crowd- workers) or research with human participants?.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Did you use human annotators (e.g., crowd- workers) or research with human participants?

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.738427Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 4384ca3e-4ce3-4919-845f-94b98d8eed70 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.733114Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation c4928dde-0816-49ee-b7e3-36ea5aa9fa03 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.727250Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation b8fa17cd-2522-4273-b8a9-a05d4b654d41 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.756084Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 2c70937f-dfb8-46a0-9b6d-9db32e5f4191 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.735611Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 4b178a13-b17c-48e0-889f-044ad579c2b1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.758294Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 6c806e2b-570a-4474-920c-26bcef402963 · outbound

This paper cites B Appendix A: Examples of the UKLO Linguistic Puzzles Xhosa puzzle:UKLO, 2024 Figure 1: The Xhosa puzzle was used in UKLO in.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? B Appendix A: Examples of the UKLO Linguistic Puzzles Xhosa puzzle:UKLO, 2024 Figure 1: The Xhosa puzzle was used in UKLO in

Reference 20

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.729721Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 7af758fa-5de8-4e86-ba59-b9ba62163dbb · outbound

This paper cites https://www.uklo.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2024/04/2024_R1_4-Xhosa.pdf Waama puzzle:UKLO, 2021 Figure 2: The Waama puzzle was used in UKLO in.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? https://www.uklo.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2024/04/2024_R1_4-Xhosa.pdf Waama puzzle:UKLO, 2021 Figure 2: The Waama puzzle was used in UKLO in

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.745892Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation daa382a9-d7f5-4eb8-a4af-244ee8aa7fbe · outbound

This paper cites https://www.uklo.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2022/05/2021_3-Waama.pdf Warlpiri puzzle:UKLO, 2024 Figure 3: The Warlpiri puzzle was used in UKLO in.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? https://www.uklo.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2022/05/2021_3-Waama.pdf Warlpiri puzzle:UKLO, 2024 Figure 3: The Warlpiri puzzle was used in UKLO in

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.740869Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 8d8279f7-70e4-4262-8e02-03c44caeb235 · outbound

This paper cites https://www.uklo.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2024/04/2024_R1_2-Warlpiri.pdf Wik-Mungkan puzzle:UKLO, 2022 Figure 4: The Wik-Mungkan puzzle was used in Round 2 of UKLO in 2022.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? https://www.uklo.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2024/04/2024_R1_2-Warlpiri.pdf Wik-Mungkan puzzle:UKLO, 2022 Figure 4: The Wik-Mungkan puzzle was used in Round 2 of UKLO in 2022

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.753456Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 26fe48e4-6db7-46bf-8776-5714af8bc0df · outbound

This paper cites https://www.uklo.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2022/05/2015_2.-Georgian.pdf Maonan puzzle:UKLO, 2024 Figure 7: The Maonan puzzle was used in Round 2 of UKLO in 2024.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? https://www.uklo.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2022/05/2015_2.-Georgian.pdf Maonan puzzle:UKLO, 2024 Figure 7: The Maonan puzzle was used in Round 2 of UKLO in 2024

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.743431Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation ebd55535-f215-4a99-bd1e-9807086132d4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.760402Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation edf23f8a-5c9e-489c-9afa-4bdaa8526582 · outbound

This paper cites Its score for participants is 38%; its linguistic topic is Morphology; its type is Rosetta; its language family is Indo-European, Germanic; its Author is David Hellsten.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? Its score for participants is 38%; its linguistic topic is Morphology; its type is Rosetta; its language family is Indo-European, Germanic; its Author is David Hellsten

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.750795Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation e7f38cdd-103e-43b7-8dd0-904ce6610362 · outbound

This paper cites https://www.uklo.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2022/05/2021_2-Kabyle.pdf Greek puzzle, parallel to the Georgian puzzle: UKLO, 2015 example Greece is a country in Southern Europe.

Can LLMs Generate and Solve Linguistic Olympiad Puzzles? https://www.uklo.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2022/05/2021_2-Kabyle.pdf Greek puzzle, parallel to the Georgian puzzle: UKLO, 2015 example Greece is a country in Southern Europe

Reference 27

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T22:45:42.748304Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.