Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models

As of 10 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 46 of 46 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2512.04238.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2512.04238 v2

Coverage vector

measured 46 of 46 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:39.683144Z

measured 47 of 47 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-01T15:04:55.072776Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

46 of 46 outbound references displayed

verified exact18
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External citation measurements

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Outbound references

Observation c0e69892-2801-47b2-8ca8-5109e93ab3eb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

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Observation 2bda95e8-b7f5-405d-a0aa-a881ecc35927 · outbound

This paper cites & Mirjalili, S.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models & Mirjalili, S

Reference 2

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Observation 2cfdce07-21df-488d-aef8-be77646977ff · outbound

This paper cites & Telkes, G.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models & Telkes, G

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:36.300358Z

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Observation e1012367-17a6-43ae-9897-acd6be8e6784 · outbound

This paper cites & Sekuboyina, A.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models & Sekuboyina, A

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:36.404736Z

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Observation 259af499-7c02-40ed-9dc6-0525ebd70c7a · outbound

This paper cites DrVD-Bench: Do Vision-Language Models Reason Like Human Doctors in Medical Image Diagnosis?.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models DrVD-Bench: Do Vision-Language Models Reason Like Human Doctors in Medical Image Diagnosis?

Reference 5

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Observation d91a04bc-5f3e-4b2c-a3d8-e3f494e904f0 · outbound

This paper cites Vision Language Models are Biased.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Vision Language Models are Biased

Reference 6

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Observation 027a02bd-b016-4fda-86c4-50b8c588eeab · outbound

This paper cites A., Rajpurkar, P., Rodman, A.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models A., Rajpurkar, P., Rodman, A

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:36.656362Z

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Observation 5c4ecc52-1d7e-4458-b24a-f4327fa541e5 · outbound

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6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:36.717930Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 30dcb317-e3f1-4d75-9f79-200a330519e4 · outbound

This paper cites VSF-Med:A Vulnerability Scoring Framework for Medical Vision-Language Models.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models VSF-Med:A Vulnerability Scoring Framework for Medical Vision-Language Models

Reference 9

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Observation 9a226a23-3e34-4a1b-9ea1-407c72b8181c · outbound

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6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

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Observation 1aac8dd7-90f4-4a91-8332-77a2784eb969 · outbound

This paper cites D., Jiang, Y.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models D., Jiang, Y

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:36.925798Z

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Observation b31258cf-aa03-4c9d-901d-9ebbcd8742f8 · outbound

This paper cites & Song, D.Natural adversarial examples, 15262–15271 (2021).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models & Song, D.Natural adversarial examples, 15262–15271 (2021)

Reference 12

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Observation b6f98bc4-419b-43b9-b282-4a4b4bf1a660 · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning

Reference 13

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Observation 2c4aa9b4-789d-45ee-bed6-dee283b2f36c · outbound

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6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:37.126391Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b03d14c2-1e7d-4718-aa44-65820eaae2a0 · outbound

This paper cites Medical Vision Language Pretraining: A survey.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Medical Vision Language Pretraining: A survey

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:37.173198Z

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Observation 684bc499-dd20-4f97-b109-a8e3d89bad96 · outbound

This paper cites Taming Vision-Language Models for Medical Image Analysis: A Comprehensive Review.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Taming Vision-Language Models for Medical Image Analysis: A Comprehensive Review

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:37.231957Z

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Observation 053d8a3e-c7f5-45a6-bf43-3aadf7212c9b · outbound

This paper cites & Hernandez-Boussard, T.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models & Hernandez-Boussard, T

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:37.380833Z

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Observation bdc1bb7d-484f-40f3-b2c5-e2a437d3257f · outbound

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6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a5c39027-ce23-48f6-999e-13231a1f76b6 · outbound

This paper cites Medvlm-r1: Incentivizing medical reasoning capability of vision- language models (vlms) via reinforcement learning, 337–347 (Springer, 2025).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Medvlm-r1: Incentivizing medical reasoning capability of vision- language models (vlms) via reinforcement learning, 337–347 (Springer, 2025)

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:37.531003Z

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Observation 5077cb1f-d12f-48d3-b6d7-7404b2cb0d9b · outbound

This paper cites & Parikh, D.Making the v in vqa matter: Elevating the role of image understanding in visual question answering, 6904–6913 (2017).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models & Parikh, D.Making the v in vqa matter: Elevating the role of image understanding in visual question answering, 6904–6913 (2017)

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:37.610218Z

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Observation 0f7f1947-785c-47a1-b6c3-245360950a9b · outbound

This paper cites [Accessed 27-11-2025].

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models [Accessed 27-11-2025]

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:37.684747Z

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Observation d0a69b7b-9f3c-4a89-ba78-1e72aa53357f · outbound

This paper cites Chexpert: A large chest radiograph dataset with uncertainty labels and expert comparison, Vol.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Chexpert: A large chest radiograph dataset with uncertainty labels and expert comparison, Vol

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:37.730556Z

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Observation 741970df-cb7f-44bb-b201-bda1e0b01a3d · outbound

This paper cites MURA: Large Dataset for Abnormality Detection in Musculoskeletal Radiographs.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models MURA: Large Dataset for Abnormality Detection in Musculoskeletal Radiographs

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:37.791711Z

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Observation ce1a5f73-897c-4909-9450-7945e4f5e226 · outbound

This paper cites & Jdey, I.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models & Jdey, I

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:37.870956Z

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Observation 9ce5e551-58b4-4a9b-9c00-8e57c0fcf513 · outbound

This paper cites & Drira, F.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models & Drira, F

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:37.964740Z

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Observation 07708b41-23f8-44d7-a03e-26f50a9ca0d8 · outbound

This paper cites https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/openai.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/openai

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:38.015139Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation da5fad7c-fd08-4ef9-a1fc-64011444aff6 · outbound

This paper cites Accessory premolar teeth.Case study, Radiopaedia.org(2013).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Accessory premolar teeth.Case study, Radiopaedia.org(2013)

Reference 27

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:29.679304Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation f9dfd817-0e3d-44cc-94b1-35d66bfeee83 · outbound

This paper cites Normal orthopantomography (opg).Case study, Radiopaedia.org (2016).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Normal orthopantomography (opg).Case study, Radiopaedia.org (2016)

Reference 28

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:29.374492Z

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Observation 20e11fcd-cb3d-4700-8aac-f9d5761d1997 · outbound

This paper cites Situs inversus with pneumothorax.Case study, Radiopaedia.org(2010).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Situs inversus with pneumothorax.Case study, Radiopaedia.org(2010)

Reference 29

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:29.082944Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation d0b5f3e3-c003-40ae-a6a7-24cc6954f3a4 · outbound

This paper cites Normal chest radiograph - female.Case study, Radiopaedia.org(2015).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Normal chest radiograph - female.Case study, Radiopaedia.org(2015)

Reference 30

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:28.765067Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 18b0d943-abc5-4739-b124-b61c6551662d · outbound

This paper cites Aberrant right subclavian artery - mr angiography.Case study, Radiopaedia.org(2011).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Aberrant right subclavian artery - mr angiography.Case study, Radiopaedia.org(2011)

Reference 31

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:28.590543Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation c0bb86bc-4c5b-4948-9b4c-1d6fc0576778 · outbound

This paper cites Normal mra of the aortic arch.Case study, Radiopaedia.org(2015).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Normal mra of the aortic arch.Case study, Radiopaedia.org(2015)

Reference 32

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:28.289888Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation d76ae3bc-c3a7-4515-bcf8-08f9fbf12108 · outbound

This paper cites Beaver tail liver (2015).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Beaver tail liver (2015)

Reference 33

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:28.040100Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 48112947-cfde-4338-afdf-4b649284cedf · outbound

This paper cites Amiodarone hepatotoxicity.Case study, Radiopaedia.org(2012).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Amiodarone hepatotoxicity.Case study, Radiopaedia.org(2012)

Reference 34

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:27.796963Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 273c094e-45a8-4d7a-a872-611bfc8fdfd1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:27.611392Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation fe30ff5c-a1aa-422f-af03-cef3fea828e5 · outbound

This paper cites Normal ct abdomen (2015).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Normal ct abdomen (2015)

Reference 36

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:27.264478Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation fef70244-9dd1-4a26-9d0b-4299b39714be · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:27.053696Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation ddc80062-b408-47c1-a694-ff3d22244c76 · outbound

This paper cites Macrodystrophia lipomatosa (2009).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Macrodystrophia lipomatosa (2009)

Reference 38

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation d85ec427-fcde-452b-8354-b090697559f0 · outbound

This paper cites Incomplete double ureter.Case study, Radiopaedia.org(2014).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Incomplete double ureter.Case study, Radiopaedia.org(2014)

Reference 39

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:26.710999Z

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Observation 72d9ca31-5dc8-4f42-b3c4-a31da00dce0a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:26.451373Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation d75cab9c-7c77-46f7-b253-6ed43ff75268 · outbound

This paper cites Dichorionic tri-amniotic (dcta) triplets.Case study, Radiopaedia.org (2015).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Dichorionic tri-amniotic (dcta) triplets.Case study, Radiopaedia.org (2015)

Reference 41

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:26.226434Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation e6855bed-7e97-4063-8ad6-c7d0e469a267 · outbound

This paper cites Normal first trimester pregnancy (2023).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Normal first trimester pregnancy (2023)

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T18:40:39.244224Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 38452cc9-9fa9-444e-b44b-ec4f8be4bb9f · outbound

This paper cites Tibial hemimelia.Case study, Radiopaedia.org(2021).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Tibial hemimelia.Case study, Radiopaedia.org(2021)

Reference 43

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:26.061402Z

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Observation 165a42a8-d7f3-4a17-947e-05b94368c2e8 · outbound

This paper cites Normal tibia fibula x-rays - 10-year-old.Case study, Radiopaedia.org (2023).

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Normal tibia fibula x-rays - 10-year-old.Case study, Radiopaedia.org (2023)

Reference 44

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:25.823934Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation ab64dcba-b081-4974-b760-6a3e940229a6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 45

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:25.567159Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 814f6b11-9be6-4884-939c-6d84a43c4f38 · outbound

This paper cites Model Size.

6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models Model Size

Reference 46

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T18:43:25.241657Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation 3a571570-92b5-4e63-9369-4d1adc73702f · inbound

Attention Without Grounding: Causal Evaluation of Visual Explanations in Medical VLMs cites this paper.

Attention Without Grounding: Causal Evaluation of Visual Explanations in Medical VLMs 6 Fingers, 1 Kidney: Natural Adversarial Medical Images Reveal Critical Weaknesses of Vision-Language Models

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T15:04:55.072776Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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