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Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models

As of 10 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 63 of 63 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.11068.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.11068 v1

Coverage vector

measured 63 of 63 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.363865Z

measured 63 of 63 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

63 of 63 outbound references displayed

  • verified exact1
  • verified fuzzy1
  • unresolved61
  • parse uncertain0
  • malformed identifier0
  • metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 0734df23-869b-4bb4-a1a9-69fb1629dff3 · outbound

This paper cites online" 'onlinestring :=.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models online" 'onlinestring :=

Reference 1

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.157747Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

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Observation 78292d5b-c586-4760-a10c-6a34f5707366 · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models write newline

Reference 2

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.161696Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.161696Z digest=sha256:de3e86b94b6fb221378d7072aec886f266dabb7672e896c57793ae98df448745

Observation 4461ca6f-d596-400f-b491-31da7ef5e870 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:03:00.200157Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation adc25498-9b1d-45f7-b709-1b0a33237a7b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution
unresolved
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation 39daf1f3-a327-4858-b0de-0671eb7a42e9 · outbound

This paper cites Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback

Reference 5

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.174569Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

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Observation ed5adfb2-dd59-41cf-9ad5-d50053eb5f35 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:03:00.181144Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation c99621c3-2706-4c26-be36-a893b2caa1a1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:03:00.171265Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation 957e2863-9131-4677-a1f0-4e31bbd9ab42 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:03:00.161587Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation 4c9e710c-7a5d-430e-81a9-6d85c50f549b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:03:00.150975Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation bded5841-9a08-44ec-acf5-9401a1fb22b1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution
unresolved
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation c7d0e5e1-1aaf-42b0-b6bb-31f54fbdff05 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution
unresolved
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation 425a3c00-fb26-4a1b-be14-f2c735ba32b4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution
unresolved
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation ae67170c-fb4f-49fb-b47b-0d89229a655d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:03:00.110507Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.202098Z digest=sha256:77d006ecb7c99df8bf9987d80532ea0f2c4f87a757eac1dda71d1977e4f9b493

Observation 9dca37fc-f69f-4205-86b2-0c08837d71db · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:03:00.099472Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.205018Z digest=sha256:61661ea0414c5ec01222df30ecab6392cf19025089ac39b17fe364dd7cea8508

Observation 89622780-0804-421d-831c-ebe1712b44fe · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 15

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.208637Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.208637Z digest=sha256:a7889e33d1e56e1f671b6ff01f834cb1aa86c0cd2b974be7e6a4c73a9c97c389

Observation bbc7e453-7c54-4c26-ab2b-f02b982e6169 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:03:00.086357Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation c8e62b31-9954-4962-a2c0-aacac2ce2a1b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:03:00.069039Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.214423Z digest=sha256:0d297339ec0567d9771d8bd533ddacc2ff337ba3b162141be59ab9735156e969

Observation ca20d59f-0702-47ba-8f88-c6b9be826be1 · outbound

This paper cites Intrinsic Bias Metrics Do Not Correlate with Application Bias.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Intrinsic Bias Metrics Do Not Correlate with Application Bias

Reference 18

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.217326Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

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Observation a2347ef7-b656-4101-aeb6-821a74eb7458 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:03:00.037243Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation f4c28a15-8202-4596-8493-14404e800916 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.999346Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation f9d29beb-6b74-4449-b3e7-e98c5fcf24bb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution
unresolved
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation bb577d10-83b7-4433-be24-b743a952d811 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.978396Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation f0433f20-b36b-4dec-9da0-0ec34fead91a · outbound

This paper cites Conditional and Modal Reasoning in Large Language Models.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Conditional and Modal Reasoning in Large Language Models

Reference 23

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.233200Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

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Observation 660cc007-3d53-482f-af9f-5c1186326715 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.967333Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation 711b8b75-09a8-4b88-91bd-6c70b73cca38 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.955928Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation 533baca4-9173-4ca6-8f3d-81fa4a1b0c49 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.945479Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation 43b66d89-893f-4e06-afa4-f2aadcff8f86 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.934221Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation 3c16a9dc-b897-44b1-8739-aab78958774a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.922357Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation f92f44b3-f51a-4f17-b430-c699c9f4178f · outbound

This paper cites Last Layer Re-Training is Sufficient for Robustness to Spurious Correlations.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Last Layer Re-Training is Sufficient for Robustness to Spurious Correlations

Reference 29

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.251546Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

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Observation a3b21da8-a459-426e-83f2-44d4354d83f8 · outbound

This paper cites Parameter-efficient Modularised Bias Mitigation via AdapterFusion.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Parameter-efficient Modularised Bias Mitigation via AdapterFusion

Reference 30

Resolution
verified exact
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.254976Z digest=sha256:ecafdabd003e3e65640cb76f5f4d91d29e63abbd962eca98b60ef191f9d67b07

Observation 3c1718dc-a838-4370-9387-ceea9b88d50b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.911341Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation 89b9cf62-6c86-4a1e-86d7-8967416e8aff · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.899088Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation 9472599d-685b-479f-bcda-9df46412e9cd · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.887482Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation 77aa0aa8-7a2e-402d-979b-bc794d308ec7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.877006Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

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Observation 9bd9bd6c-a534-4bf1-84b0-72de513a113c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.271432Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.271432Z digest=sha256:25eba8a7a8dde4175a083745a88cbbfd01e16c9135e9657beddd0ba8e07b58cf

Observation f09aecac-377f-4433-9b3e-adfbe978955a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.859489Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.274414Z digest=sha256:ad178216a8ede8cd76022fae109e34ed0e540aa8dbbbeb7629844964a6f1ad7a

Observation fad6072e-5251-40bc-a839-ecb977b1813e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.848818Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.277578Z digest=sha256:ebe716b1067e09e45120b1633e2622de567f0cc4d0a08ba6ddcb3f5580cff905

Observation 6528a001-1f67-431a-832e-79364838c7e0 · outbound

This paper cites Language Models as Knowledge Bases?.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Language Models as Knowledge Bases?

Reference 38

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.280749Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.280749Z digest=sha256:e558206bcdf9393b678dab72d44456bc5b5db49498b598cf1ab99b44b9e09145

Observation ab27f308-5861-4603-bb34-24b77c6a41e6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.838599Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.284570Z digest=sha256:9053fb33c3276813656e3476aba7eeebc4ecb1ba082842a55942102193f1019b

Observation c303e3a5-2c74-45d8-ba43-a392f803173c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.826949Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.288181Z digest=sha256:d8bf2d16c23a4bfcb44325d479470958219c0c8fc43e6d2fd4a1ae06f6a0a34b

Observation d1d8b39f-8be1-4915-a1b1-19f920c89558 · outbound

This paper cites Ethical Reasoning over Moral Alignment: A Case and Framework for In-Context Ethical Policies in LLMs.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Ethical Reasoning over Moral Alignment: A Case and Framework for In-Context Ethical Policies in LLMs

Reference 41

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.291143Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.291143Z digest=sha256:df3b68b354b5fd539e339b72d80aac863ac56cf8794d2c908dd144ca509b0087

Observation 315db7e2-d8a0-4cb9-bf6f-359589edbb95 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 42

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.294219Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.294219Z digest=sha256:ec8759769ec44e32b618971de19cb08b679696b01aefd32603c2a05f42f50b2f

Observation 7ffc8278-a1ad-4234-b3e4-047f58beff05 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 43

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.816386Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.297380Z digest=sha256:9bd3e2ef5ba765778be12e70147778f7e571d70baad7e2175094dc7704c761c9

Observation 5353b904-ac57-4d73-95b8-1a73b0fcfe33 · outbound

This paper cites Normative Evaluation of Large Language Models with Everyday Moral Dilemmas.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Normative Evaluation of Large Language Models with Everyday Moral Dilemmas

Reference 44

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.300852Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.300852Z digest=sha256:01fc63ac72e13869e4ed6848680bc4df0fa4f901e4d91597c1aee8e0109985d7

Observation 0f658e23-3c7e-4579-bed9-2665bb717e4c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 45

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.806645Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.304497Z digest=sha256:68dc7023d4641a40d1f75bc1837f9fb43367ee69e30dee2ccdde0a567b32476b

Observation 0675f39b-0803-4aa5-aa98-f9b89f843cdc · outbound

This paper cites Constitutional Classifiers: Defending against Universal Jailbreaks across Thousands of Hours of Red Teaming.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Constitutional Classifiers: Defending against Universal Jailbreaks across Thousands of Hours of Red Teaming

Reference 46

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.307669Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.307669Z digest=sha256:571cd6b6ed58cfde6be33980f8bf818ce79db83eb7287e4dcaef7710eff627e0

Observation 5ac589b9-1623-4adf-ac9e-cb3d003e45a5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 47

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.796632Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.311032Z digest=sha256:4dc1cdcaf36b01fa1f8e5c180d2a6ff673b05f0b2a4bcc771408aa50201368e8

Observation 6baf1874-41b2-451e-b415-d74c26ed0b42 · outbound

This paper cites Release Strategies and the Social Impacts of Language Models.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Release Strategies and the Social Impacts of Language Models

Reference 48

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.313948Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.313948Z digest=sha256:52ac74c75ba7069c2fc141355bdb15b6a60dca1a9f55ed0c9e4fec0936d6aadc

Observation 90d5d3e4-3c03-47d9-9297-b2b6d27107ff · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 49

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.785202Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.317314Z digest=sha256:054b338477ea4b1a6f3f7dd34961836ebc7f52ff736435131ebf25a93c77fa5a

Observation 131e2ae7-f2f6-45c4-b4ea-bf4db2e36433 · outbound

This paper cites Hashimoto.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Hashimoto

Reference 50

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.774166Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.321141Z digest=sha256:aadcc9cefeb576a5389d8362721a2215e26df2693f63773bf4734fcc89578f42

Observation 624aabe7-a0d1-4b36-8dd9-4526a2ad6f0a · outbound

This paper cites Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size

Reference 51

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.324425Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.324425Z digest=sha256:22188ce2270bf58700126d6d0e6cebfcd9af97a6cfde1070698699150dfddd0e

Observation 3e4143a3-c4ef-41dd-959a-cf5c13e897bc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 52

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.763208Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.328678Z digest=sha256:94964c5efaeeabf02471268ace0f0103ddf544054ee08ad331c07b03a509b30c

Observation fbd5d0c6-b986-4ff5-98cc-dc466d59c206 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 53

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.751623Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.331572Z digest=sha256:eeff2c5b00ad500447197a6fd10c3d2fdeda62ec10366fcd3d23c548b922e2e6

Observation 26963acc-6c74-4cf1-91f0-10fa720b07ed · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 54

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.740755Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.334766Z digest=sha256:3922dea9e1ba504e9d37ce897c5266d8acd04e9d16f592e49e6b8833976d97c1

Observation 1b77a526-a55a-4e31-9120-361927b5eb96 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 55

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.728890Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.337703Z digest=sha256:a56d8e011657c251fe0ef9b3644608eaac099da1a5938b8435518af59a4ad7a0

Observation dde842e8-73ba-4fbc-bdfe-2f6d7d71a576 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 56

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.718537Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.340913Z digest=sha256:564f5162b0817c13ab617916df4c8ceffa582b6e933a7e0829824bb57eee7fef

Observation f963c6a9-bd52-4a58-ad55-b7a5de376b3f · outbound

This paper cites Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learners.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learners

Reference 57

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.344032Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.344032Z digest=sha256:f2e9c7f92aaed6ce6b19c54af69c132206a460e1493724c3acc78b729d0d3750

Observation dcc9b631-3f63-4a61-8c94-9e74a1ec8faa · outbound

This paper cites Ethical and social risks of harm from Language Models.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Ethical and social risks of harm from Language Models

Reference 58

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.347262Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.347262Z digest=sha256:8a3a498c46ffd2a39ecf4d3e3ed495da06d0806e19f179f71d59a6dcf01ff718

Observation d56607d6-649a-4ffc-949c-a6f131c21aeb · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5 Technical Report.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Qwen2.5 Technical Report

Reference 59

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.351133Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.351133Z digest=sha256:fbedf83b7c18d6e13802fe2d73d6e2f67fe8a128b182b55b328aad179d6d4b3b

Observation b0294053-7a04-4cf4-9534-89e5f33c9471 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 60

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.707479Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.354359Z digest=sha256:b98c15e65d58fbc81a21b15003e3810a2e1361687938955f99f0a103ff44ccb7

Observation 7c4aee6d-641b-47d0-bcc9-e50867f1e194 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 61

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.696427Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.357610Z digest=sha256:d47bd059150b78eb6270412e958190d84b20bf1b4c8fa2909b9cae464bdcdec8

Observation 72d5d34f-85ff-40bc-a7c7-3316e13bcecc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 62

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.685508Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.360912Z digest=sha256:4930789dbb6aa1f288c4dc16eaf90663232c2ff3b74210a10f5be81a10f1286a

Observation f2b45aa9-404e-4b77-b4b6-44e12faacc93 · outbound

This paper cites Rethinking Machine Ethics -- Can LLMs Perform Moral Reasoning through the Lens of Moral Theories?.

Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Models Rethinking Machine Ethics -- Can LLMs Perform Moral Reasoning through the Lens of Moral Theories?

Reference 63

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:02:59.363865Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-07T12:02:59.363865Z digest=sha256:7e2e2096d0f35900d7464a9b4d90714c28897cbce5a6253eb00bdf75c5f0216d

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.