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REVIEW 4 major objections 6 minor 29 references

An analysis of the R2 scalar leptoquark coupled to a Majorana right-handed neutrino shows that the same-sign dimuon plus multijet final state at the HL-LHC can probe TeV-scale masses and Yukawa couplings beyond current limits.

Reviewed by Pith at T0; open to challenge. T0 means a machine referee read the full paper against a public rubric. the ladder, T0–T4 →

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2026-08-03 01:17 UTC pith:EBJQKO2S

load-bearing objection Right spirit, underdetermined numbers: the paper never specifies the RHN→μjj branching ratio that controls every projected rate. the 4 major comments →

arxiv 2603.01903 v2 pith:EBJQKO2S submitted 2026-03-02 hep-ph

Exploring widetilde{R}₂ Leptoquarks and Majorana Neutrinos via same-sign dimuons at the HL-LHC

Subham Saha , Arvind Bhaskar , Manimala Mitra This is my paper
classification hep-ph
keywords scalar leptoquarkright-handed neutrinoMajorana neutrinosame-sign dimuonlepton number violationHL-LHCR2 leptoquarkbeyond Standard Model
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper studies scalar leptoquarks of the R2 type that couple to a lighter Majorana right-handed neutrino. It argues that when the leptoquark is heavier than the neutrino, the decay into a neutrino and a jet can dominate over the usual muon-plus-jet decay, opening a chain that ends in same-sign dimuons plus multiple jets at the HL-LHC. Because a Majorana neutrino decays to a muon or an antimuon with equal probability, same-sign dimuons are a lepton-number-violating signature with very low Standard Model background. The authors combine pair and single leptoquark production and find that pair production drives the sensitivity for leptoquark masses near 1–2 TeV, while single production extends the reach to 3–4 TeV and beyond, covering regions not excluded by current searches. If the projections hold, the HL-LHC could simultaneously test leptoquark dynamics and the Majorana nature of the neutrino.

Core claim

The central claim is that the same-sign dimuon plus multijet final state at √s = 14 TeV can probe the R2 scalar leptoquark coupled to a Majorana right-handed neutrino over a wide range of masses and Yukawa couplings. Using a benchmark neutrino mass of 50 GeV, the analysis produces sensitivity contours in the (Y12, Z11) plane for leptoquark masses of 1, 2, 3, and 4 TeV, showing both 2σ exclusion and 5σ discovery potential. For 1 TeV, QCD-dominated pair production yields contours that grow linearly with the Yukawa couplings up to Y12 ~ 1; at higher masses pair production is suppressed and single production (pp → R2 N j and pp → R2 μ j) becomes dominant, so the combined sensitivity persists int

What carries the argument

The central object is the scalar leptoquark doublet R2 with quantum numbers (3,2,1/6), containing components with charges 2/3 and −1/3. It couples to a first-generation quark and a muon through Yukawa Y12, and to a first-generation quark and a right-handed Majorana neutrino through Yukawa Z11. The mechanism is the decay chain LQ → N + jet, dominant when the leptoquark is heavier than the neutrino and Z11 is O(1), followed by N → μ + 2 jets, mediated either by off-shell leptoquark exchange or by electroweak mixing of the neutrino with the muon neutrino. The analysis parameterizes every production channel—QCD and electroweak pair production, t-channel exchange of the Majorana neutrino, of a mu

Load-bearing premise

The projected event rates in Eqs. (14)–(17) are proportional to the branching ratio of the Majorana neutrino into a muon plus two jets, which depends on the active-sterile mixing V_μN; the paper never specifies V_μN, and if it is small the same-sign dimuon rate can be orders of magnitude below what the contours assume.

What would settle it

Compute BR(N → μjj) for M_N = 50 GeV as a function of V_μN and the Yukawa couplings; if it falls far below the value implied by Eqs. (14)–(17) for the benchmark points, the Fig. 4 sensitivity contours cannot be reached. Equivalently, an HL-LHC search for same-sign dimuons with ≥4 jets, HT > 2 TeV, and a b-jet veto at 3 ab⁻¹ that finds no excess would falsify the claimed 2σ/5σ reach for O(1) Yukawas.

Watch this falsifier — get emailed when new claim-graph text bears on it.

If this is right

  • A same-sign dimuon excess with at least four jets and HT above 2 TeV at the HL-LHC would be a smoking-gun signature for lepton-number violation of the type produced by a Majorana right-handed neutrino.
  • Pair production alone covers leptoquark masses of order 1–2 TeV for Yukawa couplings down to roughly 0.01–0.1, while single production extends sensitivity to 3–4 TeV and beyond, into regions not excluded by current direct or indirect limits.
  • For O(1) Yukawa couplings, the decay LQ → N + jet can dominate, so existing leptoquark searches that assume direct decay to a muon and a jet do not constrain this scenario; the same-sign dimuon channel is therefore a complementary probe.
  • Combining pair and single production widens the accessible (Y12, Z11) parameter space substantially compared to either mode alone, demonstrating strong complementarity between the two mechanisms.
  • At multi-TeV masses, single production keeps the HL-LHC sensitive, so the reach is not limited by the phase-space suppression of pair production.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The paper leaves V_μN, the active-sterile mixing that controls N → μjj, unspecified; an explicit scan over V_μN would either strengthen or weaken the projected contours, so the results should be read as conditional on that branching ratio.
  • The same production-and-decay mechanism should yield analogous same-sign lepton signatures for electrons or taus, and for other leptoquark representations with t-channel exchange of a Majorana fermion; these extensions are not studied here but are directly testable.
  • If the Majorana neutrino is long-lived for small mixing, the same production chain would produce displaced same-sign dimuons, offering a complementary search the paper does not explore.
  • The observed transition to single-production dominance at high mass suggests that searches using one hard resonance plus jets could outperform pair-production-based selections; this could be checked by reweighting the signal Monte Carlo to isolate single-production topologies.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

4 major / 6 minor

Summary. The paper proposes a search for the scalar leptoquark \tilde R_2 in the same-sign dimuon plus multijet final state at the HL-LHC, assuming a lighter Majorana right-handed neutrino N produced in leptoquark decays. Pair and single production modes are combined, and the sensitivity is presented as contours in the (Y_12, Z_11) coupling plane for M_{\tilde R_2}=1-4 TeV. The central claim is that this channel probes regions beyond existing direct, SUSY-inspired, and indirect constraints, with pair production dominant at the TeV scale and single production dominant for multi-TeV masses.

Significance. The proposed signature is well motivated and, if the quoted rates are correct, would provide a clean lepton-number-violating probe of both the leptoquark and the Majorana nature of the neutrino. The paper is a forward calculation from an explicit Lagrangian, with scanned Yukawa couplings and a clear decomposition into pair and single production channels; these are strengths. The qualitative message — that leptoquark decays into RHNs open new final states and that single production extends the heavy-mass reach — is plausible and worth pursuing. However, the quantitative reach shown in Fig. 4 is not self-contained: the RHN branching ratio central to every rate formula is never specified, and no background yields or efficiencies are given. These gaps prevent the reader from assessing the numerical contours and the claimed comparison with existing constraints.

major comments (4)
  1. [III, Eqs. (14)-(17), Fig. 4] β(N→μjj) is never evaluated. Section III states that the N decay pattern depends crucially on the active–sterile mixing V_μN and refers all branching-ratio details to Ref. [30]. Since every signal count in Eqs. (14)-(17) is proportional to β(N→μjj) or β²(N→μjj), leaving V_μN unspecified means the contours in Fig. 4 can be rescaled by orders of magnitude without changing the model. The comparison with existing constraints is an absolute-rate statement and is therefore underdetermined. Please specify the benchmark V_μN used to produce Fig. 4, provide numerical values of β(N→μjj) for the plotted parameter points, and discuss how the contours change for representative small, intermediate, and large V_μN.
  2. [V-VI, Eqs. (11)-(12)] No cut-flow tables or background event yields are provided. Equation (12) defines N_B as a sum over σ_B^i ε_B^i, but the paper never reports the individual background cross sections, cut efficiencies, or total background counts. Figure 3 shows only normalized kinematic shapes. The significance contours in Fig. 4 therefore cannot be reproduced from the text. Please include a cut-flow table for the benchmark masses showing signal yields per production mode and background yields after each selection step, together with the assumed integrated luminosity and any systematic uncertainties used.
  3. [IV, Eqs. (14)-(16)] The factor 1/2 for the same-sign charge requirement appears to be missing. A Majorana N decays to μ⁺+jets and μ⁻+jets with equal probability, so for two independent N→μjj decays the probability of obtaining same-sign muons is 1/2. Unless β(N→μjj) is defined as a charge-specific branching ratio, Eqs. (14)-(16) overestimate the same-sign dimuon yield by a factor of two. Please clarify the definition of β or correct the counting, since this directly rescales the 2σ and 5σ contours.
  4. [VII, Fig. 4] The recasting of existing limits is not self-contained. The paper refers to Ref. [30] for the procedure, but the shaded regions in Fig. 4 — the ATLAS direct leptoquark search [12], the ATLAS SUSY gluino search [33], and the CMS indirect limit [34] — are essential to the claim that the HL-LHC probes 'regions beyond current direct and indirect constraints'. No summary of the recast event selection, acceptance, or cross-section rescaling is given. Please provide at least a concise description of the recasting in this paper, or state explicitly the resulting excluded regions in the (Y_12, Z_11) plane.
minor comments (6)
  1. [V] The sentence before the cut list reads 'After analyzing the kinematic distributions shown in Fig.' with no figure number; it should refer to Fig. 3.
  2. [VI] The integrated luminosity L entering Eqs. (11)-(12) is never given numerically in the main text. Please state explicitly (presumably 3 ab⁻¹ for the HL-LHC) and use it consistently.
  3. [Eq. (18)] The list of pair-production channels appears to contain a duplicated term involving \tilde R_2^{-2/3}\tilde R_2^{-1/3}. Please check the charge combinations and correct the typo.
  4. [V] The selection does not specify any muon isolation, jet reconstruction algorithm, or detector simulation level. Since the paper presents absolute projected sensitivities, please state the simulation framework, parton shower, and any detector smearing used, or note explicitly that only parton-level efficiencies are employed.
  5. [Fig. 4] The caption uses 'fR2' where \tilde R_2 is intended. Also, the caption should state which integrated luminosity and which V_μN benchmark are assumed.
  6. [References] Reference [34] is incomplete: it lacks collaboration author list, journal, and arXiv identifier. Reference [30] is an arXiv preprint; if it is under review, the dependence of the main quantitative results on it should be flagged.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circular reduction found; the HL-LHC reach is a forward model calculation with scanned couplings, but the numerical contours are underdetermined by the unspecified V_muN and rely heavily on the authors' own Ref. [30].

full rationale

The paper's signal rates (Eqs. 14-17) are forward products of production cross sections, decay branching ratios, selection efficiencies, and integrated luminosity. The Yukawa couplings Y12 and Z11 are scanned, not fitted to the same-sign dimuon channel, so there is no fitted-input-called-prediction structure. The pair/single production cross-section decompositions in Eqs. (18)-(25) are bookkeeping of SM-mediated, n-pole, and t-channel contributions; they do not by construction equal the final sensitivity. The significance is computed with the standard asymptotic formula Eq. (11) from signal and background event counts, which is a projection, not an inverse derivation. The main transparency issue is that the RHN decay branching ratio beta(N -> mu jj), which appears multiplicatively in every signal formula, is not specified in this paper: Section III says the decay pattern depends crucially on V_muN and refers to Ref. [30] for the branching-ratio patterns, while Section VII says the recasting of existing limits is described in Ref. [30]. This makes Fig. 4 conditional on an unstated input and creates a reproducibility gap, and the reliance on the authors' own prior work is heavy. However, this is a citation/reproducibility concern rather than a logical circularity: the imported quantities are model-dependent calculations from a different collider study, not the paper's own conclusions, and no equation here reduces to an input by construction. I therefore find no specific circular step and assign a low score only for the nontrivial self-reliance and missing V_muN specification.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

5 free parameters · 5 axioms · 2 invented entities

The central calculation is a forward projection: Lagrangian parameters are scanned, not fitted, so the circularity burden is low. However, the analysis is not self-contained: decay branching ratios, recasting of existing bounds, and simulation details are imported from the authors' own Ref. [30], so a reader cannot verify the reach without trusting that paper. The unspecified V_μN is a free parameter that directly controls the signal rate.

free parameters (5)
  • Y12 = scanned 1e-3 to 1; benchmark 1
    Yukawa coupling controlling \tilde R_2 → d μ and t-channel muon-mediated pair production; scanned in Fig. 4.
  • Z11 = scanned 1e-3 to 1; benchmark 1
    Yukawa coupling controlling \tilde R_2 → u N and new t-channel N-mediated production; scanned in Fig. 4.
  • M_{\tilde R_2} = 1, 2, 3, 4 TeV
    Scalar leptoquark mass, the main variable of the sensitivity scan; benchmark 1 TeV for kinematic plots.
  • M_N = 50 GeV
    Right-handed neutrino mass benchmark; sets N decay kinematics and on-shell/off-shell pattern.
  • V_{\mu N} = not specified
    Active-sterile mixing that controls N → μ jj branching ratios; the central signal rate depends on it, but no numerical value is stated.
axioms (5)
  • domain assumption The \tilde R_2 scalar leptoquark exists with quantum numbers (3,2,1/6) and the Yukawa interactions of Eq. (1).
    The whole analysis is a phenomenological projection of this BSM hypothesis; it is not derived from data or a UV completion.
  • domain assumption The right-handed neutrino N is a Majorana fermion with active-sterile mixing V_μN, giving the W/Z/H couplings of Eqs. (3)-(5).
    The same-sign dimuon signature relies on lepton-number violation and on N decaying via SM gauge bosons; V_μN is assumed but never quantified.
  • domain assumption The decay branching ratios of \tilde R_2 and N, and the recasts of existing constraints, are correctly computed in Ref. [30].
    This paper explicitly defers BRs and recast procedures to the companion paper; if those contain errors, the sensitivity contours change.
  • standard math Standard QCD factorization and collinear PDFs describe hard scattering at 14 TeV.
    Used for all production cross sections and backgrounds; standard but not stated in detail.
  • domain assumption The five listed SM background classes dominate and charge misidentification is negligible after cuts.
    No quantitative background yields or mis-ID probabilities are given; the significance calculation depends on this assumption.
invented entities (2)
  • \tilde R_2 scalar leptoquark (SU(2)_L doublet) independent evidence
    purpose: Couples quarks to leptons/RHNs and produces the same-sign dimuon plus jets signature through decays to N j and μ j.
    Known BSM particle, not yet observed; this paper's HL-LHC sensitivity contours are a falsifiable prediction.
  • Majorana right-handed neutrino N (first generation) independent evidence
    purpose: Enables lepton-number-violating same-sign dimuons; decays to μ± plus jets.
    Predicts a specific same-sign dimuon excess at the HL-LHC that would constitute independent evidence if observed.

pith-pipeline@v1.3.0-alltime-deepseek · 15771 in / 16609 out tokens · 182352 ms · 2026-08-03T01:17:21.493780+00:00 · methodology

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read the original abstract

We study the phenomenology of scalar leptoquark (sLQ) $\widetilde{R}_2$ coupled to right-handed neutrinos (RHNs) at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), focusing on signatures that depart from those targeted by conventional sLQ searches at the LHC. If sLQ is heavier than the RHN, for $\mathcal{O}(1)$ Yukawa, the decay of sLQ to RHN and jet can dominate, leading to distinctive final states that are only weakly constrained by existing analysis. We consider the same sign dimuon and multi-jet signature. This is particularly a unique and clean lepton-number violating signature, benefiting from low Standard Model backgrounds and directly sensitive to the Majorana nature of the RHN. A comprehensive analysis is performed by combining the sLQ pair and single production mechanisms at $\sqrt{s}=14~\text{TeV}$, allowing us to assess the sensitivity reach of HL-LHC over a wide range of sLQ masses and Yukawa couplings. We demonstrate that pair production dominates the sensitivity at the TeV scale, while single production becomes increasingly important for multi-TeV sLQ masses, enabling the HL-LHC to probe regions of parameter space beyond the reach of current direct and indirect constraints. Our results highlight the strong complementarity between production modes and emphasize the unique capability of the HL-LHC to test sLQ scenarios involving RHNs. The framework presented here provides a well-motivated target for future experimental searches and offers a pathway toward simultaneously probing sLQ dynamics and parameter space of a Majorana RHN.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2603.01903 by Arvind Bhaskar, Manimala Mitra, Subham Saha.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1: Representative Feynman diagrams illustrating the pair and single production of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2: Variation of the production cross section for different [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3: Distributions of (a) the transverse momentum of the leading jet ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4: Here, we show the contour plots for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_4.png] view at source ↗

discussion (0)

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Reference graph

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