Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models

As of 12 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 41 of 41 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2604.16755.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2604.16755 v2

Coverage vector

measured 41 of 41 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-10T07:58:13.376980Z

measured 42 of 42 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-07-14T13:32:31.523845Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

41 of 41 outbound references displayed

verified exact15
verified fuzzy12
unresolved6
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier3
metadata mismatch5

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation e33bc9ba-1271-4786-aa1e-5df8286be281 · outbound

This paper cites somewhat warm and somewhat dominant.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models somewhat warm and somewhat dominant

Reference 1

Resolution: metadata mismatch; doi, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:24.783836Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation fcd0847f-3b0c-4133-a07a-3d696149fdf8 · outbound

This paper cites Pellert, C.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Pellert, C

Reference 2

Resolution: metadata mismatch; doi, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:24.785690Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation c4efed04-2c55-4484-8485-8ebc3f1f8788 · outbound

This paper cites Using cognitive psychology to understand gpt-3.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(6):e2218523120.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Using cognitive psychology to understand gpt-3.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(6):e2218523120

Reference 3

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:24.787388Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation a2df7dba-90b8-4e33-86b8-8cce9d746fc5 · outbound

This paper cites Machine Psychology.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Machine Psychology

Reference 4

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:25.492149Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 87aa831b-bf1e-4159-8296-02a5bb28a2a4 · outbound

This paper cites Idiosyncrasies in Large Language Models.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Idiosyncrasies in Large Language Models

Reference 5

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:25.504552Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 21b8c66b-7505-4e83-8329-9b5b7819f58c · outbound

This paper cites Quantifying language models’ sensitivity to spurious features in prompt design or: How I learned to start worrying about prompt formatting.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Quantifying language models’ sensitivity to spurious features in prompt design or: How I learned to start worrying about prompt formatting

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.248905Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 849dcdb1-6a43-4611-868d-c2177e922ba0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.264339Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 4b35010a-d5eb-4233-b4cc-9716d8265b76 · outbound

This paper cites Self-assessment tests are unreliable measures of LLM personality.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Self-assessment tests are unreliable measures of LLM personality

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.229113Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 6865f643-c526-4d17-9925-c7641df95c91 · outbound

This paper cites Decoding LLM personality measurement: Forced-choice vs.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Decoding LLM personality measurement: Forced-choice vs

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.238983Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation dec3ee1c-941c-4fdc-b1a6-152870a3abc3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:24.808542Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 3895a77c-62e5-4841-8431-740aaae5f028 · outbound

This paper cites Böhnke, and Anna Brown.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Böhnke, and Anna Brown

Reference 11

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:24.804983Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation f129b0d1-10f3-4009-ad26-953af4466e9f · outbound

This paper cites Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4

Reference 12

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:24.802635Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 69637bd2-5187-4289-b6ee-2d74e282a71b · outbound

This paper cites Position: Stop Evaluating AI with Human Tests, Develop Principled, AI-specific Tests instead.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Position: Stop Evaluating AI with Human Tests, Develop Principled, AI-specific Tests instead

Reference 13

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-12T03:41:44.873775Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation e6098902-a82c-475a-9c7d-a4b1c83af47b · outbound

This paper cites arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.22954 , year=.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.22954 , year=

Reference 14

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:25.502204Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 032ce284-0fe5-43e7-b106-65fdfbe22c1f · outbound

This paper cites Failure of contextual invariance in large language models.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Failure of contextual invariance in large language models

Reference 15

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-02T03:04:40.625373Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation ac3aa89d-c849-4ac5-a84a-055086dee1a6 · outbound

This paper cites Probing the contents of semantic representations from text, behavior, and brain data using the psychNorms metabase.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Probing the contents of semantic representations from text, behavior, and brain data using the psychNorms metabase

Reference 16

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:25.494494Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 8f62781c-d231-4195-a68d-2bd46a43bb34 · outbound

This paper cites Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas , volume =.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas , volume =

Reference 17

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:24.798726Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 458989e1-da99-43f9-9caa-4b9018173bbc · outbound

This paper cites Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas.Behavior Research Methods, 46(3):904–911.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas.Behavior Research Methods, 46(3):904–911

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.266284Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 22de1d1d-0764-4545-9b92-37d60a8e14ad · outbound

This paper cites Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas , volume =.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas , volume =

Reference 19

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:24.806958Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 93b89ef7-8739-403e-bfeb-fbe6f746e14b · outbound

This paper cites Obtaining Reliable Human Ratings of Valence, Arousal, and Dominance for 20,000 E nglish Words.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Obtaining Reliable Human Ratings of Valence, Arousal, and Dominance for 20,000 E nglish Words

Reference 20

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:24.800542Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 1cffdd13-9e72-45c7-b890-165db000e4fc · outbound

This paper cites The Lancaster Sensorimotor Norms: multidimensional measures of perceptual and action strength for 40,000 English words.Behavior Research Methods, 52(3):1271–1291.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models The Lancaster Sensorimotor Norms: multidimensional measures of perceptual and action strength for 40,000 English words.Behavior Research Methods, 52(3):1271–1291

Reference 21

Resolution: malformed identifier; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.246878Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation c8a5ae0e-f742-4788-9c29-114d3229f5f0 · outbound

This paper cites Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words.Behavior Research Methods, 44(4):978–990.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words.Behavior Research Methods, 44(4):978–990

Reference 22

Resolution: malformed identifier; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.258781Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation a312e641-e663-481f-a206-96c4b4a1a624 · outbound

This paper cites Test-based age-of-acquisition norms for 44 thousand English word meanings.Behavior Research Methods, 49(4):1520–1523.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Test-based age-of-acquisition norms for 44 thousand English word meanings.Behavior Research Methods, 49(4):1520–1523

Reference 23

Resolution: malformed identifier; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.256799Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 479c4f06-e3b1-4a67-82b1-3a5ee0882444 · outbound

This paper cites World Book, Chicago.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models World Book, Chicago

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.260682Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 35260882-729f-4cef-8e30-acfc011cc33e · outbound

This paper cites Crutch, and Jamie Reilly.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Crutch, and Jamie Reilly

Reference 25

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:24.791900Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 299a2931-f3d6-4770-a64d-7672e8d73a40 · outbound

This paper cites Scott, Anne Keitel, Marc Becirspahic, Bo Yao, and Sara C.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Scott, Anne Keitel, Marc Becirspahic, Bo Yao, and Sara C

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.262619Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation c2057ec1-9169-47af-a5b4-9bd352910994 · outbound

This paper cites Scott, Anne Keitel, Marc Becirspahic, Bo Yao, and Sara C.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Scott, Anne Keitel, Marc Becirspahic, Bo Yao, and Sara C

Reference 27

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:24.796924Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation a4de214e-2d2c-4e65-b06a-516a2b734c47 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:24.795262Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 4366f9c4-0221-484c-b295-021de272452c · outbound

This paper cites excited” to “calm.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models excited” to “calm

Reference 29

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:24.793624Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 6ca7ee5e-a248-4c75-af9d-845657267676 · outbound

This paper cites Responses that could not be parsed to a valid number were marked as invalid.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Responses that could not be parsed to a valid number were marked as invalid

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.250846Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 960ddfcd-9581-4dc6-ba52-f47c7ae7ae2e · outbound

This paper cites Out- of-range values were flagged as outliers.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Out- of-range values were flagged as outliers

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.252902Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation db924e52-4b8e-47f4-a8f3-6620593fb6d0 · outbound

This paper cites 4.Repetition cap.Stochastic repetitions were capped at 5 per (model, norm, word) tuple.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models 4.Repetition cap.Stochastic repetitions were capped at 5 per (model, norm, word) tuple

Reference 32

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.244906Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation ef89f1cf-7fc0-4682-93e2-4778827054e0 · outbound

This paper cites Sensory Norms.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Sensory Norms

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.254775Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 5a067424-21e4-478b-840a-0d306bdc0638 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.234746Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation ad8cd560-405e-42eb-bcb1-868a4f7abdfe · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.240973Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation fdb843aa-417b-489e-8c15-bf00858f66f9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.242797Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 4039fbeb-5d85-44d5-8423-7099d92cf29e · outbound

This paper cites Thep-value for each norm is the proportion of null iterations whereσ2 ι,null≥σ2 ι,observed.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Thep-value for each norm is the proportion of null iterations whereσ2 ι,null≥σ2 ι,observed

Reference 37

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.237050Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation f82898fd-a5e4-4d47-97d1-6f61e4b84587 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.227100Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 771cf1d4-fca4-4255-adfc-24fc2a555b17 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.232952Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 6fdeb26e-d1b5-4bf1-8b0d-141104014c66 · outbound

This paper cites 4.Cross-modelR 2 values were computed by predicting modelj’s BLUPs on the held-out norm from each other modelj′’s BLUPs on the same 13 predictor norms.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models 4.Cross-modelR 2 values were computed by predicting modelj’s BLUPs on the held-out norm from each other modelj′’s BLUPs on the same 13 predictor norms

Reference 40

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-21T12:05:05.231123Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 9663f6c3-a28b-4d8c-bd7a-c5e8625ecee3 · outbound

This paper cites A Specificity Ratio> 1 indicates that a model’s deviations on one dimension are better predicted by its own deviations on other dimensions than by those of other models.

Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models A Specificity Ratio> 1 indicates that a model’s deviations on one dimension are better predicted by its own deviations on other dimensions than by those of other models

Reference 41

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-05-10T08:02:24.789390Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation 017a9d43-9b9c-4cc0-8888-1c86ab5fbe1e · inbound

When Counterbalancing Hides the Bias: Access-Conditioned Position Lock in Forced-Choice LLM Evaluation cites this paper.

When Counterbalancing Hides the Bias: Access-Conditioned Position Lock in Forced-Choice LLM Evaluation Machine individuality: Separating genuine idiosyncrasy from response bias in large language models

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-07-14T13:32:31.523845Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.