Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays

As of 16 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 27 of 27 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2607.14605.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2607.14605 v1

Coverage vector

measured 27 of 27 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:10.695201Z

measured 27 of 27 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

27 of 27 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy0
unresolved27
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation c61ebad8-f4f2-419f-9e9a-de682e51ea14 · outbound

This paper cites Exploring the potential of using an.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Exploring the potential of using an

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:08.257037Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c417f283-5631-4d04-a46b-154c4e3a75df · outbound

This paper cites A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:08.340419Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 58a05145-9cc1-4ce2-bf16-064bdaced423 · outbound

This paper cites The interplay of task characteristics, linguistic complexity, and language proficiency in high-stakes.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays The interplay of task characteristics, linguistic complexity, and language proficiency in high-stakes

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:08.475234Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a1ec1261-daeb-4667-961d-f316dbecaa7d · outbound

This paper cites 2007 , publisher=.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays 2007 , publisher=

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:08.570762Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cb1f9365-4205-462a-bc88-c5fe5daf0f9d · outbound

This paper cites Applied Measurement in Education , volume=.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Applied Measurement in Education , volume=

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:08.680233Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1548cf55-3d7f-410b-a2ff-b01b769475db · outbound

This paper cites Frontiers in Education , volume=.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Frontiers in Education , volume=

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:08.781141Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 55716ad9-a10f-47c8-8842-7625228a2adb · outbound

This paper cites The impact of essay organization and overall quality on the holistic scoring of.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays The impact of essay organization and overall quality on the holistic scoring of

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:08.848906Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fec45526-e34f-4948-b920-dc1879c158ff · outbound

This paper cites Computer Assisted Language Learning , volume=.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Computer Assisted Language Learning , volume=

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:08.919793Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6417ef11-17ab-4331-ae8d-d69f512dc7df · outbound

This paper cites Beyond the design of automated writing evaluation: Pedagogical practices and perceived learning effectiveness in.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Beyond the design of automated writing evaluation: Pedagogical practices and perceived learning effectiveness in

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:08.968600Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0248ccc2-d9b8-447e-803e-9981cc2d7daf · outbound

This paper cites Handbook of Automated Essay Evaluation , editor=.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Handbook of Automated Essay Evaluation , editor=

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:09.031622Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a77c00ba-6b4b-46f5-b0fd-81cabfd3c427 · outbound

This paper cites 2013 , publisher=.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays 2013 , publisher=

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:09.116665Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 13f3a5c6-e464-4f8e-825d-76c63954c6d0 · outbound

This paper cites Assessing writing with the tool for the automatic analysis of lexical sophistication (.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Assessing writing with the tool for the automatic analysis of lexical sophistication (

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:09.208051Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7240a3a4-3133-4650-b9d6-d4dea9b39a7e · outbound

This paper cites Journal of Writing Research , volume=.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Journal of Writing Research , volume=

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:09.303562Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3d9629f5-0f69-421c-ad69-0ac287273b23 · outbound

This paper cites Handbook of Automated Essay Evaluation , editor=.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Handbook of Automated Essay Evaluation , editor=

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:09.370023Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 594aabf0-577d-45f9-8696-c7bae4088ae9 · outbound

This paper cites Artificial Intelligence Review , volume=.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Artificial Intelligence Review , volume=

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:09.437576Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5fa15f52-7826-41b4-9e24-24654afbcc6b · outbound

This paper cites IEEE Access , volume=.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays IEEE Access , volume=

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:09.496913Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 559c5c0b-9b29-483e-bb9a-aac3131886c6 · outbound

This paper cites Human-AI Collaborative Essay Scoring: A Dual-Process Framework with LLMs.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Human-AI Collaborative Essay Scoring: A Dual-Process Framework with LLMs

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:09.554071Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 26eed73f-a7d3-47ff-9300-535a872a0ede · outbound

This paper cites Large language models and automated essay scoring of.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Large language models and automated essay scoring of

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:09.704373Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5a072acf-195e-4370-8117-27f328fdb200 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:09.834396Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e021beff-3be4-4e66-832d-8a8f1a935e3c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:10.037150Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation faa4fa83-8e4e-4bcf-a4b9-c5086a003680 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:10.208302Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2e89afc0-f778-4c56-b39c-5fe3f9c1a3ab · outbound

This paper cites 2022 , note=.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays 2022 , note=

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:10.315189Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1d7f30bf-2d6b-4f9c-9ead-9d8b004d5bb0 · outbound

This paper cites Comparing.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Comparing

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:10.396850Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2058b876-0db9-4d59-8355-7ecf3356f908 · outbound

This paper cites Enhancing.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Enhancing

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:10.479452Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a6630839-8440-4d95-b6db-38b44e0a00b3 · outbound

This paper cites Applied Sciences , volume=.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Applied Sciences , volume=

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:10.536672Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9975df9b-a3d5-413f-893c-b60750321c99 · outbound

This paper cites Fine-tuning.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays Fine-tuning

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:10.612985Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 48e6ea05-278a-414c-a2c6-7d44860b627a · outbound

This paper cites 2025 , note=.

Investigating first-language bias in LLM-based automated essay scoring: A cross-prompt evaluation of an open-weight AI-model on TOEFL essays 2025 , note=

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T01:40:10.695201Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.