Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 82 references

A rocky exoplanet's atmospheric type can constrain which minerals are stable on its surface, regardless of the planet's refractory element abundances.

Reviewed by Pith at T0; open to challenge. T0 means a machine referee read the full paper against a public rubric. the ladder, T0–T4 →

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

T0 review · deepseek-v4-flash

2026-08-01 04:22 UTC pith:UWTPPA7B

load-bearing objection A genuinely useful equilibrium grid atlas, but the 'independent of refractory element ratios' claim is overreached—two correlated compositional families and hand-set sulphur thresholds carry more weight than the headline admits. the 3 major comments →

arxiv 2607.22820 v1 pith:UWTPPA7B submitted 2026-07-24 astro-ph.EP

SCoRE: the Surface Composition of Rocky Exoplanets

Leon Sereinig , Oliver Herbort This is my paper
classification astro-ph.EP
keywords rocky exoplanetscrust-atmosphere equilibriumatmospheric typessurface mineralogyiron oxidation statesulfur chemistrythermo-chemical equilibriumCHO parameter space
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper tries to establish a direct, abundance-independent link between the observable type of a rocky exoplanet's atmosphere and the minerals that can coexist with it on the ground. Using equilibrium chemistry over a grid of about 5000 crust-atmosphere models per temperature and composition, the authors find 23 minerals whose thermal stability tracks the atmospheric type across four different starting rock compositions. The link is strongest for sulfur-bearing minerals and for the average oxidation state of iron: oxidising atmospheres select sulfates and ferric iron, reducing atmospheres select sulfides and ferrous iron. If the claim holds, an observed atmospheric type plus surface temperature and pressure is enough to start mapping the unseen surface of a terrestrial exoplanet.

Core claim

Across roughly 150,000 equilibrium crust-atmosphere models at 1 bar and 500-1000 K, the paper claims that the stable mineral assemblage of a rocky surface is set by the atmosphere's chemical type, not by the relative abundances of refractory elements. Twenty-three minerals show this type-independent link: oxidising type B atmospheres select sulfates and ferric iron (CaSO4, Fe2O3), reducing type alpha atmospheres select sulfides and ferrous iron (FeS, Fe2SiO4), and a narrow transitional regime is marked by FeS2 and Fe3O4. The crust's average iron oxidation state tracks the atmosphere — iron(III) under type B, iron(II) under type alpha — so an observed atmospheric type plus surface temperature

What carries the argument

The central object is the atmospheric type, a coarse classification of gas-phase equilibrium composition in the C-H-O (plus S) parameter space, paired with the equilibrium condensate set returned by Gibbs free-energy minimisation. The paper sorts the 71 thermally stable condensates into four classes (omnipresent, strongly linked, partially linked, unconstrained) according to whether their stability is tied to an atmospheric type independent of element-abundance input. This machinery shows that sharp crustal transitions fall on the same borders as atmospheric-type transitions, producing the sequence FeS -> FeS2 -> CaSO4+Fe2O3 across the redox gradient from type alpha through the transitional

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that a 1-bar crust-atmosphere interface reaches full thermo-chemical and phase equilibrium at 500-1000 K, so that the computed equilibrium minerals are the ones actually present on real exoplanet surfaces.

What would settle it

Observe a warm rocky exoplanet with a confidently classified type B atmosphere whose surface shows spectral evidence of ferrous minerals (e.g. FeS or Fe2SiO4) or lacks the predicted CaSO4/Fe2O3 assemblage; conversely, a type alpha planet with ferric oxides would falsify the mapping. A more direct test: measured reaction kinetics showing that the FeS-to-CaSO4 transition does not occur on geologic timescales at 700-1000 K would undercut the equilibrium basis.

Watch this falsifier — get emailed when new claim-graph text bears on it.

If this is right

  • An observed atmospheric type plus a surface temperature and pressure measurement directly constrains which minerals can be stable on the crust, including the iron oxidation state.
  • Rocky-exoplanet spectroscopy can target warm planets (roughly 700 K and above) where the equilibrium assumption is strongest and the type-alpha/type-B distinction is sharp.
  • Sulfur-bearing minerals act as a redox indicator: oxidising atmospheres should yield sulfate crusts like CaSO4, reducing atmospheres sulfide crusts like FeS, with pyrite confined to a narrow transition.
  • Precise C/H/O abundances are not needed; only the atmospheric type, so modest-quality spectra can still constrain surface composition.
  • Sharp mineralogical transitions in the parameter space imply that a single planet with day-night temperature contrasts could harbour different stable mineral assemblages across its surface.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Because the equilibrium assumption weakens below roughly 800 K, the practical reach of these constraints is likely limited to moderately warm planets; cooler worlds may preserve kinetic, volcanic, or photochemical disequilibrium mineralogies that blur the type-mineral link.
  • The same grid logic could be extended to other surface pressures or to include solid solutions and partial melts; the sharpness of the atmospheric-type transitions suggests the mineral-type mapping may persist but with shifted boundaries.
  • A testable extension: for a tidally locked planet whose day side and night side straddle the 500-700 K range, the two hemispheres should host different stable mineral assemblages, and thermal phase curves might reveal surface-driven signatures.
  • The strong CaSO4/FeS dichotomy implies that gas-phase sulfur abundance in a secondary atmosphere could be buffered by the crust, a feedback that interior-atmosphere models could incorporate to predict observable SO2 levels.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper presents grid calculations with the equilibrium chemistry solver GGchem for 1-bar crust–atmosphere systems at 500–1000 K, using six solar-system-inspired bulk compositions (Earth, CC, BSE, MORB, CI, Ryugu) and systematically varying C, H, and O abundances to span the CHO atmospheric-parameter space. The authors classify the thermal stability of condensates into four classes and report 23 minerals whose stability they find linked to atmospheric type, including the FeS → FeS2 → CaSO4 sequence, iron oxides, and iron-bearing silicates. They further find that the average iron oxidation state tracks atmospheric type. The central claim, stated in the abstract, is that the mineral–atmosphere link is independent of the ratio of refractory elements present.

Significance. If the central claim held, the paper would provide a practically valuable shortcut: an observed atmospheric type, together with surface temperature and pressure, could constrain crustal mineralogy and iron oxidation state. The manuscript has clear strengths: it is built on a large, internally consistent grid (over 150,000 individual models), the thermodynamic sequence from FeS to FeS2 to CaSO4 across redox regimes is physically sensible, and the classification tables in Appendix C are a useful reference resource. However, the headline generality is not established by the evidence presented. The claim of independence from refractory element ratios rests on only two correlated compositional families, and the paper's own equilibrium assumptions are acknowledged to break down at the low end of the investigated temperature range. The thermodynamic consistency of the results is credible, but the observational, generalizable inference is substantially stronger than the current grid supports.

major comments (3)
  1. [Abstract; Sect. 2.2; Sect. 3.2; Tables C.1–C.2] The claim of independence from refractory element ratios is underdetermined by the grid design. Only four compositions (Earth, CC, CI, Ryugu) form full parameter-space grids; MORB and BSE cannot produce type-B atmospheres (Sect. 2.2), and type-BC2 atmospheres occur only in the CI and Ryugu grids (Sect. 3.2). The Earth/CC family and the CI/Ryugu family are correlated along exactly the axes relevant to the reported minerals (Ca/Si, Fe/Si, S/Fe). Consequently, the Class I/II/III assignments and the list of 23 minerals are conditional on the specific composition families included. Adding a composition that breaks this correlation could reclassify minerals. The abstract's statement 'independent of the ratio of the refractory elements present' is therefore too strong. Either additional grids spanning the refractory-element space independently (e.g., varying Ca/Si, Fe/Si, S/Fe separately) must
  2. [Sect. 4.1 vs. Sect. 5 and Sect. 4.2] The equilibrium assumption is load-bearing for the practical inference, and the manuscript itself provides reasons to doubt it at the lower temperatures. Sect. 4.1 states that 'if a planet experiences moderate but consistent volcanism and has a relatively cool atmosphere (T<700 K), it may never reach equilibrium' (citing Liggins et al. 2023) and that Charnoz et al. (2026) suggest good kinetic–equilibrium agreement only for T≥800 K. Yet Sect. 5 presents detailed 500 K and 600 K mineral lists as predictions, and Sect. 4.2 tells the reader that an observed atmospheric type plus surface temperature and pressure can constrain the surface mineralogy without restricting to the regime where equilibrium is plausible. The temperature-dependent validity should be stated as a central caveat in the abstract and conclusions, not only in the limitations section.
  3. [Sect. 3.1; Fig. 3; Fig. 5] The definition of sulphur-poor versus sulphur-rich atmospheres uses temperature-dependent thresholds chosen from the data (e.g., S/(C+H+O+S) ≤ 0.005 at 1000 K, ≤ 0.002 at 900/800 K, ≤ 0.001 for T ≤ 700 K). Because the atmospheric types themselves are defined from the same GGchem gas-phase output, and the mineralogical classifications are then made after applying these thresholds, the reported 'link' is to some extent a statement about the internal consistency of one equilibrium solver rather than a hypothesis test against independent data. The paper would be strengthened by a sensitivity analysis showing how the Class I/II/III assignments change with reasonable variations of these thresholds, or by anchoring one boundary to an external benchmark (e.g., laboratory data or an independent equilibrium code). Without this, the 23-mineral list should be presented as a model-dependent mapping,
minor comments (5)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract uses 'oxidisation' while the rest of the paper uses 'oxidation'; please standardize the spelling.
  2. [Appendix B] The caption begins 'Figure ??:' with an unresolved placeholder. This needs to be fixed before publication.
  3. [Sect. 3.1.2] Fayalite is Fe2SiO4, not FeSiO4 as written. The formula is correct elsewhere (e.g., Fe2SiO4 entries in Fig. B.1 and Tables C.1/C.2), but the text in §3.1.2 should be corrected.
  4. [Sect. 2.2 and Sect. 4] The stated grid size is inconsistent: Sect. 2.2 says 'about 5000 crust-atmosphere models per temperature' for each of four full grids, which at six temperatures gives about 120,000 models, while Sect. 4 states 'over 150000'. Please clarify the total count, including any partial BSE/MORB grids.
  5. [General] There are several typographical slips, e.g., 'Flouride' in §3.1.4. A careful proofread is recommended.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity: the crust-atmosphere link is a derived output of an external equilibrium solver, not a fitted or definitional restatement of its inputs.

full rationale

The central mapping is produced by GGchem's Gibbs free-energy minimisation from external thermodynamic data and fixed elemental abundances. Atmospheric types are labels on the gas-phase output; mineral classes are labels on the condensate-phase output of the same equilibrium calculation. This shared origin means the claimed link is a model-derived correlation rather than an independent empirical validation, but it is not circular: neither the atmospheric type nor the mineralogical class is fitted to the other, and the mineral classes are not defined in terms of the claimed result. Only 23 of 71 stable condensates satisfy the Class I/II criteria, so the list is a contingent outcome rather than a restatement of the classification. The temperature-dependent sulphur cut-offs are data-informed filtering choices, and the claim of independence from refractory-element ratios is tested on only four full grids (with MORB and BSE unable to form type B); these are robustness and generalisation limitations, not equivalence-by-construction. Self-citations (Herbort & Sereinig 2025; Herbort & Sereinig in prep; Woitke et al. 2021; Janssen et al. 2023) motivate the parameter space and the type taxonomy, but the high-temperature alpha-type merging is also presented in this paper's Fig. 2, so the load-bearing classification does not reduce to an unverified self-citation. No fitted parameter is renamed as a prediction, and no uniqueness theorem is imported to force the result. The paper is therefore self-contained as a grid-model study, and the main caveats are scientific/scope limitations rather than circularity.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 6 axioms · 0 invented entities

No new physical entities are introduced. The central unprovided inputs are: the equilibrium assumption, the prior atmospheric-type classification, the completeness of GGchem's thermodynamic data, the representativeness of six Solar System compositions, and the grid-design choices (constant CHNOS-to-refractory ratio, fixed N). The main hand-set numerical inputs are the temperature-dependent sulphur thresholds and the Ryugu fluorine substitution factor. These are choices of the authors rather than externally fixed constants.

free parameters (2)
  • Sulphur-poor/sulphur-rich cutoffs = S/(C+H+O+S) ≤ 0.005 (1000 K); ≤ 0.002 (900/800 K); ≤ 0.001 (T ≤ 700 K)
    Hand-set, temperature-dependent thresholds used to separate S-poor from S-rich models; they determine which condensates enter the S-poor classification and are not derived from an external criterion (Sect. 3.1).
  • Ryugu fluorine substitution factor f = f = (1/17) Σ(ϵ_Ryugu,i / ϵ_CI,i), numerical value not stated
    Ad hoc replacement for the missing F measurement in Ryugu samples (Eq. 3); propagates into all Ryugu-grid models and affects the stability of MgF2 and fluorapatite.
axioms (6)
  • domain assumption Thermo-chemical and phase equilibrium between gas and condensed phases
    Core modelling premise solved by GGchem at each grid point (Sect. 2). The authors note equilibration timescales grow at low T and may not be reached (Sect. 4.1).
  • domain assumption Atmospheric type classification (A, B, C, D, α, BC2) from Woitke et al. (2021) and Janssen et al. (2023)
    The paper's 'coincidence' claim depends on these prior type boundaries; several of those classification papers share authors with this paper, so errors or updates propagate directly.
  • domain assumption GGchem's thermodynamic database (471 gas, 223 condensed species) and pure-condensate Gibbs minimisation are sufficient
    No solid solutions, no partial melts, no kinetic barriers are included; limitation acknowledged in Sect. 4.1.
  • domain assumption The six Solar System-inspired abundance sets represent the diversity of exoplanet crusts
    Basis for the 'independence of refractory element ratios' claim; all sets are Solar System bodies, two cannot form type B grids, and BC2 appears only in two sets (Sect. 2.2, 3.2).
  • domain assumption Holding the CHNOS-to-refractory ratio constant while varying C, H, O isolates the atmospheric effect on crust composition
    Grid design choice (Sect. 2.2); real planets may co-vary volatile and refractory element budgets in ways this design excludes.
  • domain assumption Nitrogen is dynamically passive (mainly N2) and can be held fixed without affecting type boundaries
    Stated in Sect. 2.2; if N chemistry matters, type boundaries and the inferred mineral links could shift.

pith-pipeline@v1.3.0-alltime-deepseek · 24675 in / 14346 out tokens · 137481 ms · 2026-08-01T04:22:42.310781+00:00 · methodology

0 comments
read the original abstract

Context. The crust composition of rocky exoplanets with a substantial atmosphere can not be observed directly. However, recent developments are starting to allow for the observation and characterisation of their atmospheres. Understanding the link between atmospheres and crusts could allow for constraints on the crusts' composition based on atmospheric observations. Aims. We aim to understand the link between the thermal stability of specific condensates and atmospheric compositions. This allows constraints on the mineralogical composition of the surface by potentially observable atmospheric features. In order to achieve this, a grid study of atmospheric and crustal compositions is conducted. Methods. We use a diverse range of total element abundances inspired by various rock compositions as the compositional base for our crust-atmosphere models, for which thermo-chemical and phase equilibrium is assumed. In this work, we investigate a temperature range of 500 K to 1000 K and a surface pressure of 1 bar. The resulting atmospheric compositions are classified using atmospheric types based on the most abundant gas-phase elements C, H, N, O, and S. Results. Some of the changes in surface mineralogy coincide with changes in atmospheric type, independent of the given total elemental abundances. In total, a link has been revealed between 23 thermally stable minerals and their corresponding atmospheric types, which is independent of the ratio of the refractory elements present. Especially, the sulphur chemistry of the minerals and the average iron oxidation state can be constrained by the corresponding atmospheric type.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.22820 by Leon Sereinig, Oliver Herbort.

Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Atmospheric classification scheme for temperatures [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Solid sulphur in crusts at 700 K for all set of total element abundances (indicated in each plot). Models where the atmosphere [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Atmospheric trace species number densities in the tran [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Iron oxidation state of crusts across the parameter space. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Mn3Al2Si3O12[s] and Mn2O3[s] in crusts in phase equi￾librium with atmospheres across the CHO-parameter space. 700 K to 1000 K it is also classified as Class I condensate for crusts in phase equilibrium with type α atmospheres. Mn2O3[s] contains manganese in the form of man￾ganese(III), the 3+ oxidation state of manganese, which requires oxidising environments found in crusts in phase equilibrium with type … view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: The atmospheric parameter space expanded by the inclu [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: All condensates linked to sulphur-poor atmospheric types A, B, C, and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_8.png] view at source ↗

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

82 extracted references · 7 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    Report of the Working Group on Strategic Exoplanet Initiatives with HST and JWST. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2404.02932 , archivePrefix =. 2404.02932 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.02932

  2. [2]

    and Kaus, B

    Riel, N. and Kaus, B. J. P. and Green, E. C. R. and Berlie, N. , title =. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems , volume =. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GC010427 , url =. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2022GC010427 , note =

    work page doi:10.1029/2022gc010427

  3. [3]

    , keywords =

    Atmosphere-interior Exchange on Hot, Rocky Exoplanets. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/828/2/80 , archivePrefix =. 1606.06740 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  4. [4]

    , keywords =

    Nightside Clouds on Tidally Locked Terrestrial Planets Mimic Atmosphere-free Scenarios. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad78de , archivePrefix =. 2409.07542 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2041

  5. [5]

    , year = 2026, month = apr, volume =

    Non-equilibrium condensation of the first Solar System solids. , year = 2026, month = apr, volume =. doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10257-5 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10257-5 2026

  6. [6]

    Diploma Thesis , school =

  7. [7]

    Nature , year = 1995, month = nov, volume =

    A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star. Nature , year = 1995, month = nov, volume =. doi:10.1038/378355a0 , adsurl =

    doi:10.1038/378355a0 1995

  8. [8]

    NatSCA News , volume=

    Pyrite Decay: cause and effect, prevention and cure , author=. NatSCA News , volume=. 2011 , url=

    2011

  9. [9]

    Geological Curator , year=

    Pyrite oxidation and museum collections: A review of theory and conservation treatments , author=. Geological Curator , year=

  10. [10]

    Formation of phyllosilicates

    Warm dust surface chemistry in protoplanetary disks. Formation of phyllosilicates. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731747 , archivePrefix =. 1812.04357 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  11. [11]

    Astrophysical Journal , keywords =

    Detection of an Extrasolar Planet Atmosphere. Astrophysical Journal , keywords =. doi:10.1086/338770 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0111544 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  12. [12]

    Treatise on Geochemistry , keywords =

    Super-Earths and Earth-like Exoplanets. Treatise on Geochemistry , keywords =. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-99762-1.00122-4 , archivePrefix =. 2405.04057 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  13. [13]

    Astrobiology , keywords =

    A Catalog of Spectra, Albedos, and Colors of Solar System Bodies for Exoplanet Comparison. Astrobiology , keywords =. doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1763 , archivePrefix =. 1807.11442 , primaryClass =

    arXiv 2017

  14. [14]

    Experimental Astronomy , pages=

    Spectropolarimetry as a tool for understanding the diversity of planetary atmospheres , author=. Experimental Astronomy , pages=. 2022 , publisher=

    2022

  15. [16]

    The atmospheres of rocky exoplanets. I. Outgassing of common rock and the stability of liquid water. Astronomy & Astrophysics , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936614 , archivePrefix =. 2003.03628 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2003

  16. [17]

    Earth and Planetary Science Letters , keywords =

    A theoretical framework for volcanic degassing chemistry in a comparative planetology perspective and implications for planetary atmospheres. Earth and Planetary Science Letters , keywords =. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.009 , adsurl =

    doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.009 2014

  17. [18]

    The atmospheres of rocky exoplanets. II. Influence of surface composition on the diversity of cloud condensates. Astronomy & Astrophysics , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141636 , archivePrefix =. 2111.14144 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  18. [19]

    Astronomy & Astrophysics , volume=

    Equilibrium chemistry down to 100 K-Impact of silicates and phyllosilicates on the carbon to oxygen ratio , author=. Astronomy & Astrophysics , volume=. 2018 , publisher=

    2018

  19. [20]

    , keywords =

    A secondary atmosphere on the rocky exoplanet 55 Cancri e. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07432-x , archivePrefix =. 2405.04744 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  20. [21]

    and Charbonneau, David and Désert, Jean-Michel and Miller-Ricci Kempton, Eliza and McCullough, Peter R

    Berta, Zachory K. and Charbonneau, David and Désert, Jean-Michel and Miller-Ricci Kempton, Eliza and McCullough, Peter R. and Burke, Christopher J. and Fortney, Jonathan J. and Irwin, Jonathan and Nutzman, Philip and Homeier, Derek , year=. THE FLAT TRANSMISSION SPECTRUM OF THE SUPER-EARTH GJ1214b FROM WIDE FIELD CAMERA 3 ON THEHUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE , vo...

    doi:10.1088/0004-637x/747/1/35

  21. [22]

    Geochemical Journal , keywords =

    The elemental abundances of Ryugu: Assessment of chemical heterogeneities and the nugget effect. Geochemical Journal , keywords =. doi:10.2343/geochemj.GJ25002 , archivePrefix =. 2405.04500 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  22. [23]

    Landolt B

    Abundances of the Elements in the Solar System. Landolt B. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-88055-4_34 , archivePrefix =. 0901.1149 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  23. [24]

    and Herbort, O

    Woitke, P. and Herbort, O. and Helling, Ch. and Stüeken, E. and Dominik, M. and Barth, P. and Samra, D. , year=. Coexistence of CH4, CO2, and H2O in exoplanet atmospheres , volume=. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038870 , journal=

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038870

  24. [25]

    Using atmospheric spectra to constrain surface rock composition

    The atmospheres of rocky exoplanets: III. Using atmospheric spectra to constrain surface rock composition. Astronomy & Astrophysics , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453069 , archivePrefix =. 2505.08883 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  25. [26]

    The Importance of Kinetics

    Growth and Evolution of Secondary Volcanic Atmospheres: 2. The Importance of Kinetics. Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets) , keywords =. doi:10.1029/2022JE007528 , archivePrefix =. 2208.05338 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  26. [27]

    Geophysical Research Letters , volume=

    Surface brightness variations seen by VIRTIS on Venus Express and implications for the evolution of the Lada Terra region, Venus , author=. Geophysical Research Letters , volume=. 2008 , publisher=

    2008

  27. [28]

    Icarus , volume=

    Multi-spectrum retrieval of Venus IR surface emissivity maps from VIRTIS/VEX nightside measurements at Themis Regio , author=. Icarus , volume=. 2016 , publisher=

    2016

  28. [29]

    Space Science Reviews , volume=

    Venus surface composition constrained by observation and experiment , author=. Space Science Reviews , volume=. 2017 , publisher=

    2017

  29. [30]

    Janssen, L. J. and Woitke, P. and Herbort, O. and Min, M. and Chubb, K. L. and Helling, Ch. and Carone, L. , year=. The sulfur species in hot rocky exoplanet atmospheres , volume=. Astronomische Nachrichten , publisher=. doi:10.1002/asna.20230075 , number=

    work page doi:10.1002/asna.20230075

  30. [31]

    Astrophysical Journal , keywords =

    Photochemistry of Venus-like Planets Orbiting K- and M-dwarf Stars. Astrophysical Journal , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac1d46 , archivePrefix =. 2108.05778 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  31. [32]

    Nature , keywords =

    A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR1257 + 12. Nature , keywords =. doi:10.1038/355145a0 , adsurl =

    doi:10.1038/355145a0

  32. [33]

    Jeremy and Deming, Drake and Horning, Karen and Seager, Sara and Harrington, Joseph , year=

    Richardson, L. Jeremy and Deming, Drake and Horning, Karen and Seager, Sara and Harrington, Joseph , year=. A spectrum of an extrasolar planet , volume=. Nature , publisher=. doi:10.1038/nature05636 , number=

    work page doi:10.1038/nature05636

  33. [34]

    and Knutson, H

    Pont, F. and Knutson, H. and Gilliland, R. L. and Moutou, C. and Charbonneau, D. , year=. Detection of atmospheric haze on an extrasolar planet: the 0.55-1.05 μm transmission spectrum of HD 189733b with the Hubble Space Telescope: Transmission spectrum of HD 189733 , volume=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , publisher=. doi:10.1111/j.13...

    arXiv 2008

  34. [35]

    Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific , keywords =

    The James Webb Space Telescope Mission. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific , keywords =. doi:10.1088/1538-3873/acd1b5 , archivePrefix =. 2304.04869 , primaryClass =

    arXiv

  35. [36]

    Experimental Astronomy , keywords =

    A chemical survey of exoplanets with ARIEL. Experimental Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s10686-018-9598-x , adsurl =

    doi:10.1007/s10686-018-9598-x

  36. [37]

    The Messenger , volume=

    The European extremely large telescope (E-ELT) , author=. The Messenger , volume=

  37. [38]

    Astrophysical Journall , keywords =

    A Transiting ``51 Peg-like'' Planet. Astrophysical Journall , keywords =. doi:10.1086/312458 , adsurl =

    doi:10.1086/312458

  38. [39]

    Astrophysical Journal , keywords =

    Detection of Planetary Transits Across a Sun-like Star. Astrophysical Journal , keywords =. doi:10.1086/312457 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9911436 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  39. [40]

    Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. VIII. CoRoT-7b: the first super-Earth with measured radius. Astronomy & Astrophysics , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200911933 , archivePrefix =. 0908.0241 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  40. [41]

    Astrophysical Journal , keywords =

    Kepler's First Rocky Planet: Kepler-10b. Astrophysical Journal , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/729/1/27 , archivePrefix =. 1102.0605 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  41. [42]

    Atmospheres of Rocky Exoplanets , volume=

    Wordsworth, Robin and Kreidberg, Laura , year=. Atmospheres of Rocky Exoplanets , volume=. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , publisher=. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-125632 , number=

    doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-125632

  42. [43]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , keywords =

    Atmospheres as a window to rocky exoplanet surfaces. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3914 , archivePrefix =. 2312.11133 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  43. [44]

    Chemical Geology , year = 2010, month = mar, volume =

    Chemical variations and regional diversity observed in MORB. Chemical Geology , year = 2010, month = mar, volume =. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.12.013 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.12.013 2010

  44. [45]

    Journal of thermal analysis , volume=

    Kinetics of thermal decomposition of pyrite in an inert atmosphere , author=. Journal of thermal analysis , volume=. 1989 , publisher=

    1989

  45. [46]

    and Alam, Munazza K

    Alderson, Lili and Wakeford, Hannah R. and Alam, Munazza K. and Batalha, Natasha E. and Lothringer, Joshua D. and Adams Redai, Jea and Barat, Saugata and Brande, Jonathan and Damiano, Mario and Daylan, Tansu and Espinoza, Néstor and Flagg, Laura and Goyal, Jayesh M. and Grant, David and Hu, Renyu and Inglis, Julie and Lee, Elspeth K. H. and Mikal-Evans, T...

  46. [47]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , keywords =

    HST hot Jupiter transmission spectral survey: detection of water in HAT-P-1b from WFC3 near-IR spatial scan observations. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1536 , archivePrefix =. 1308.2106 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  47. [48]

    Nature , keywords =

    Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec PRISM. Nature , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05677-y , archivePrefix =. 2211.10487 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  48. [49]

    Astronomy & Astrophysics , keywords =

    Spectrally resolved detection of sodium in the atmosphere of HD 189733b with the HARPS spectrograph. Astronomy & Astrophysics , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525729 , archivePrefix =. 1503.05581 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  49. [50]

    Experimental Astronomy , keywords =

    The PLATO mission. Experimental Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s10686-025-09985-9 , archivePrefix =. 2406.05447 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  50. [51]

    Experimental Astronomy , keywords =

    The CHEOPS mission. Experimental Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s10686-020-09679-4 , archivePrefix =. 2009.11633 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2009

  51. [52]

    The Astrophysical Journal , volume=

    A temperature and abundance retrieval method for exoplanet atmospheres , author=. The Astrophysical Journal , volume=. 2009 , publisher=

    2009

  52. [53]

    Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology , volume=

    Notes on the creation and manipulation of solid solution models , author=. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology , volume=. 2021 , publisher=

    2021

  53. [54]

    , keywords =

    Volatile composition of the HD 169142 disc and its embedded planet. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2314 , archivePrefix =. 2410.01418 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  54. [55]

    , year = 1998, month = mar, volume =

    Estimation of a Length Scale to Use with the Quench Level Approximation for Obtaining Chemical Abundances. , year = 1998, month = mar, volume =. doi:10.1006/icar.1997.5886 , adsurl =

    arXiv 1998

  55. [56]

    , keywords =

    Vaporization of the Earth: Application to Exoplanet Atmospheres. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/755/1/41 , archivePrefix =. 1108.4660 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  56. [57]

    Astronomy & Astrophysics , volume=

    Partition functions and equilibrium constants for diatomic molecules and atoms of astrophysical interest , author=. Astronomy & Astrophysics , volume=. 2016 , publisher=

    2016

  57. [58]

    , keywords =

    The JWST Rocky Worlds DDT Program Reveals GJ 3929b to Likely Be a Bare Rock. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae2098 , archivePrefix =. 2508.12516 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2041

  58. [59]

    Nature Astronomy , volume=

    Combined analysis of the 12.8 and 15 m JWST/MIRI eclipse observations of TRAPPIST-1 b , author=. Nature Astronomy , volume=. 2025 , publisher=

    2025

  59. [60]

    The Astrophysical Journal , volume=

    Strict limits on potential secondary atmospheres on the temperate rocky exo-Earth TRAPPIST-1 d , author=. The Astrophysical Journal , volume=. 2025 , publisher=

    2025

  60. [61]

    , keywords =

    Habitable Zone and Atmosphere Retention Distance (HaZARD): Stellar-evolution-dependent loss models of secondary atmospheres. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452998 , archivePrefix =. 2502.09702 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  61. [62]

    Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth , volume=

    Venus rock composition at the Vega 2 landing site , author=. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth , volume=. 1986 , publisher=

    1986

  62. [63]

    Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth , volume=

    Determination of the elemental composition of rocks on Venus by Venera 13 and Venera 14 (preliminary results) , author=. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth , volume=. 1983 , publisher=

    1983

  63. [64]

    The Planetary Science Journal , volume=

    Hydroxide salts in the clouds of Venus: their effect on the sulfur cycle and cloud droplet pH , author=. The Planetary Science Journal , volume=. 2021 , publisher=

    2021

  64. [65]

    The Astrophysical Journal , volume=

    Automated chemical reaction network generation and its application to exoplanet atmospheres , author=. The Astrophysical Journal , volume=. 2024 , publisher=

    2024

  65. [66]

    The Astrophysical Journal , volume=

    Global chemical transport on hot Jupiters: Insights from the 2D VULCAN photochemical model , author=. The Astrophysical Journal , volume=. 2024 , publisher=

    2024

  66. [67]

    Astronomy & Astrophysics , volume=

    The ARCiS framework for exoplanet atmospheres-Modelling philosophy and retrieval , author=. Astronomy & Astrophysics , volume=. 2020 , publisher=

    2020

  67. [68]

    Astronomy & Astrophysics , volume=

    The influence of bulk composition on the long-term interior-atmosphere evolution of terrestrial exoplanets , author=. Astronomy & Astrophysics , volume=. 2020 , publisher=

    2020

  68. [69]

    , keywords =

    A Thick Volatile Atmosphere on the Ultrahot Super-Earth TOI-561 b. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae0a4c , archivePrefix =. 2509.17231 , primaryClass =

    arXiv 2041

  69. [70]

    Nature , volume=

    Day--night cloud asymmetry prevents early oceans on Venus but not on Earth , author=. Nature , volume=. 2021 , publisher=

    2021

  70. [71]

    , keywords =

    Why Estimating _ is Difficult: A Kepler-Centric Perspective. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ae23fe , archivePrefix =. 2511.05658 , primaryClass =

    arXiv

  71. [72]

    Galaxies , keywords =

    Analysis of Habitability and Stellar Habitable Zones from Observed Exoplanets. Galaxies , keywords =. doi:10.3390/galaxies12060086 , archivePrefix =. 2408.09296 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  72. [73]

    , keywords =

    A Chemical Kinetics Network for Lightning and Life in Planetary Atmospheres. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/0067-0049/224/1/9 , archivePrefix =. 1510.07052 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  73. [74]

    , keywords =

    Fundamentals of Interior Modelling and Challenges in the Interpretation of Observed Rocky Exoplanets. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s11214-025-01248-5 , archivePrefix =. 2511.10269 , primaryClass =

    arXiv

  74. [75]

    , keywords =

    Clouds in Super-Earth Atmospheres: Chemical Equilibrium Calculations. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/827/2/121 , archivePrefix =. 1602.02759 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  75. [76]

    , keywords =

    Sulfate Aerosol Hazes and SO _ 2 Gas as Constraints on Rocky Exoplanets Surface Liquid Water. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab58cc , archivePrefix =. 1908.02769 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 1908

  76. [77]

    , keywords =

    Proto-planetary disk composition-dependent element volatility in the context of rocky planet formation. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556011 , archivePrefix =. 2509.03724 , primaryClass =

    arXiv

  77. [78]

    , keywords =

    Plausible Constraints on the Range of Bulk Terrestrial Exoplanet Compositions in the Solar Neighborhood. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acac7d , archivePrefix =. 2211.01800 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  78. [79]

    , keywords =

    Using polarimetry to retrieve the cloud coverage of Earth-like exoplanets. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730586 , archivePrefix =. 1708.07009 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  79. [80]

    , keywords =

    Exo-Geoscience Perspectives Beyond Habitability. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s11214-026-01265-y , archivePrefix =. 2601.01177 , primaryClass =

    arXiv

  80. [81]

    , keywords =

    Statistical Trends in JWST Transiting Exoplanet Atmospheres. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad7bb8 , archivePrefix =. 2501.02081 , primaryClass =

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

Showing first 80 references.