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REVIEW 3 major objections 4 minor 63 references

Set-up and Characterisation of Atmospheric Boundary Layers in the 10'x5' Wind Tunnel

T0 review · 3 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-11 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read This paper claims that Irwin spires alone, with no floor roughness, can generate marine atmospheric boundary layers matching target velocity and turbulence profiles, and that a multi-hole probe measures the flow nearly as accurately as a…

desk verdict Solid incremental wind-tunnel study; the 'reliable marine ABL' claim needs the missing spectral/length-scale evidence before it lands. read the letter →

arxiv 2608.07764 v1 pith:M7J2UVZG submitted 2026-08-07 physics.flu-dyn

Sita M. Nair , Kevin Gouder This is my paper · ORCID
classification physics.flu-dyn
keywords atmosphericboundarylayerwindtunnelsimulationIrwinspiresmarineoffshoreLaserDopplerAnemometrymulti-holeprobeturbulenceintensity
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper sets out to show that marine atmospheric boundary layers can be reproduced in a wind tunnel using only Irwin spires, without floor roughness, and that a multi-hole pressure probe can measure the resulting flow nearly as accurately as a laser Doppler anemometer. If that is right, offshore wind inflow testing becomes much cheaper and quicker. The authors build two target profiles, one intended to bridge different international wind-engineering standards and one aimed at wind farm inflow conditions in the English Channel and North Sea. They report agreement between the measured profiles and these targets in normalised velocity and turbulence intensity, plus spanwise uniformity and spectral consistency. The practical payoff is a low-cost, validated setup for studying loads and inflows relevant to offshore wind energy.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the Irwin spire: a set of triangular plates mounted at the wind tunnel inlet whose blockage produces a shear layer and turbulence that develop into a boundary layer downstream. The paper combines two diagnostics: Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) as the reference measurement and a multi-hole probe (MHP) as the practical, cheaper instrument. The target profiles themselves—normalised mean velocity and turbulence intensity curves from international standards and from English Channel and North Sea inflow conditions—serve as the validation yardstick; agreement with them, plus spanwise uniformity and spectra, is what qualifies the spires as sufficient. No floor roughness is used, so the argument rests on the spires doing all the boundary layer generation.

What would settle it

Measure the same spire-generated flow with an independent technique, such as a hot-wire anemometer or a second LDA system, at the same test conditions; if the streamwise mean velocity differs from the MHP by more than 1 percent or any turbulent component's standard deviation differs by more than 5 percent, the validation claim fails.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that Irwin spires alone—triangular spires placed at the tunnel inlet to generate large-scale shear—can produce credible marine ABLs without floor roughness elements. Two target profiles were defined: Profile 1 as a commonality framework across international wind-engineering standards, and Profile 2 as a model of wind farm inflow over the English Channel and North Sea. The study reports that the measured normalised velocity and turbulence intensity match these targets, that MHP streamwise velocity differs from LDA by under 1 percent, and that standard deviations in all three velocity components differ by under 5 percent. Spanwise uniformity and spectral checks across different inflow speeds are used to argue that the simulated ABLs are robust. The conclusion is that this spire-only configuration is a cost-effective and reliable way to simulate marine ABLs for offshore wind applications.

Load-bearing premise

The demonstration depends on the target profiles being accurate stand-ins for real marine atmospheric boundary layers; if those targets misrepresent the true offshore wind environment, a good match to them would not prove the tunnel reproduces the real inflow.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • A wind tunnel can reproduce marine ABL inflow using spires alone, eliminating the cost and complexity of floor roughness elements.
  • The multi-hole probe can replace laser Doppler anemometry for this kind of characterization to within 1 percent in mean streamwise velocity and 5 percent in turbulence standard deviation, shortening measurement campaigns.
  • The two profiles give future studies ready-made target curves: one that spans international wind-loading standards and one that represents English Channel and North Sea inflow.
  • Because spanwise uniformity and spectra were stable across inflow velocities, the setup can be reused for parametric studies of offshore wind turbine loads.
  • The Profile 1 commonality framework gives wind engineering a potential reference for comparing how different national standards specify ABL inflow.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The spire-only configuration should transfer to other smooth-terrain boundary layers, such as coastal or ice-covered offshore sites, so long as the target roughness remains low; this is a natural next test.
  • The reported MHP-versus-LDA agreement suggests the probe could be trusted for two-component turbulence statistics, but the claim is stated for standard deviation, not for full spectra or higher moments, which would need separate validation.
  • The commonality profile could serve as a benchmark for reconciling national wind-load standards, but the paper only demonstrates the tunnel reproduces one such curve; testing against more standards is needed.
  • A direct field comparison, using lidar or mast measurements at an English Channel or North Sea site, would check whether the tunnel targets themselves are faithful to real offshore conditions.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 4 minor

Summary. The manuscript (presented as an abstract) reports a wind-tunnel study in which two marine atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) profiles are generated using Irwin spires without floor roughness elements. Profile 1 targets a commonality framework across international wind engineering standards, and Profile 2 targets inflow conditions for wind farms in the English Channel and North Sea. The flow is measured with Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) and a multi-hole probe (MHP). The authors report that MHP agrees with LDA to within 1% in streamwise velocity and within 5% standard deviation in all three velocity components, that the profiles agree with target normalised velocity and turbulence intensity, and that spanwise uniformity and spectral analysis confirm robustness. The central conclusion is that Irwin spires provide a cost-effective and reliable method for simulating marine ABLs, with relevance to offshore wind energy systems.

Significance. If the claims are substantiated, this work would provide a low-cost experimental method for generating marine ABL inflow conditions, which is valuable for wind tunnel testing of offshore wind turbines and for comparing measurement techniques (MHP vs. LDA). The use of external benchmarks (wind engineering standards, LDA as an independent reference) avoids circularity and is a strength. However, the abstract alone does not provide the quantitative evidence needed to assess whether the simulated flow reliably reproduces a marine ABL, particularly regarding turbulence spectra and length scales.

major comments (3)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that "spectral analysis confirmed the robustness of the simulation," but no quantitative spectral or turbulence length-scale comparison is reported. For a marine ABL relevant to offshore wind turbine loads, the integral length scale and spectral shape (e.g., Kaimal or von Kármán with appropriate parameters) are as important as mean velocity and turbulence intensity. Without showing that the generated turbulence has marine-like spectra and length scales, the claim that Irwin spires alone "reliably" simulate marine ABLs is not fully supported. Please provide quantitative comparisons of the measured spectra and integral length scales against target marine spectra for both profiles.
  2. [Abstract] The MHP/LDA agreement is reported as "less than 1% deviation in the streamwise velocity" and "under 5% standard deviation in the streamwise, spanwise, and wall-normal velocity components." It is unclear what statistical quantity "deviation" refers to (bias, root-mean-square difference, uncertainty?) and how the standard deviation was computed (over spatial locations? repeated runs?). No measurement uncertainty, sample size, or convergence criterion is given. Without this information, the reader cannot assess the reliability of the 1% and 5% claims. Please specify the definitions, report uncertainties, and state the number of measurement points and samples.
  3. [Abstract] The profiles "achieved good agreement with target metrics such as normalised velocity and turbulence intensity," but the abstract gives no quantitative measure of agreement, such as maximum deviation, root-mean-square error, or relative error, and does not specify the exact target profiles or their sources for Profile 1 and Profile 2. Since the central conclusion depends on these profile matches, please report quantitative fit metrics and reference the standard or dataset used for each target profile.
minor comments (4)
  1. [Title/Abstract] The tunnel dimensions "10'x5'" should be written with proper unit notation (e.g., 10 ft × 5 ft) to avoid ambiguity.
  2. [Abstract] The phrase "MHP showed a reasonably high accuracy" is informal; the quantitative statement that follows is stronger and should replace it or be integrated.
  3. [Abstract] Please clarify whether the "standard deviation" in the MHP/LDA comparison refers to the standard deviation of the measurement error or to the variability of the flow fluctuations themselves.
  4. [Abstract] The abstract mentions "varying inflow velocities" but does not state the range of wind speeds tested; please add this information for completeness.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: validation is against external standards and LDA reference, not the paper's own outputs.

full rationale

The abstract's derivation chain is self-contained. The target ABL profiles are fixed by external criteria (international wind engineering standards and English Channel/North Sea inflow conditions), and the measured LDA/MHP quantities are compared against those fixed targets. Nothing described as a prediction is constructed from the measured data: the 1% streamwise and 5% standard-deviation MHP-vs-LDA comparison is a metrological cross-check against an independent instrumentation principle, not a fitted parameter renamed as validation. The spire generation of the boundary layer is set by standard Irwin-spire design considerations, and the paper reports agreement with target normalised velocity and turbulence-intensity profiles as an outcome, not as a constraint used to define the target. No self-citation is invoked, and no uniqueness theorem or imported ansatz is used to forbid alternatives. The absence of full text prevents checking spectral or length-scale details, but the reader's concern about missing spectral validation is a completeness or validity issue, not circularity: the claim would be premature if spectra are unmatched, but that would not make the derivation circular. Under hard rule 3, self-contained comparison against external benchmarks merits score 0-2; here the comparison is explicitly external (standards, LDA), so the honest finding is no significant circularity.

Assumptions & free parameters 2 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the choice of external target profiles, on LDA as a reference measurement, and on standard assumptions about wind tunnel flow. The only genuine free parameters are the spire dimensions, which are not disclosed in the abstract. No new physical entities are introduced.

free parameters (2)
  • Irwin spire geometric parameters for Profile 1 = not reported in abstract
    Spire height, width, and spacing were chosen to generate a target ABL matching international wind engineering standards; the abstract does not provide the values.
  • Irwin spire geometric parameters for Profile 2 = not reported in abstract
    Spire geometry was chosen to model inflow to wind farms in the English Channel and North Sea; values are not given.
assumptions (3)
  • domain assumption The target ABL profiles from international standards and from the English Channel/North Sea are representative of real marine boundary layers.
    The abstract says Profile 1 'served as a framework for establishing commonality among the various international wind engineering standards' and Profile 2 is 'more suitable for modelling the inflow to wind farms in the English Channel and the North Sea.' The validity of the simulation depends on these targets being correct.
  • domain assumption Laser Doppler Anemometry provides an accurate reference velocity measurement.
    The MHP accuracy is judged against LDA, accepting LDA as ground truth without stated uncertainty.
  • domain assumption The wind tunnel flow is stationary and statistically converged during measurements.
    Spectral analysis and spanwise uniformity checks assume the measurements represent the true flow state; convergence criteria are not described in the abstract.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Set-up and Characterisation of Atmospheric Boundary Layers in the 10'x5' Wind Tunnel." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/M7J2UVZG

@misc{pith2026260807764,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Set-up and Characterisation of Atmospheric Boundary Layers in the 10'x5' Wind Tunnel},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/M7J2UVZG}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2608.07764}
}
read the original abstract

The Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) plays a critical role in influencing objects exposed to atmospheric conditions, making its study crucial. Due to the high cost of real-world testing, this thesis focuses on replicating marine ABLs in a wind tunnel environment. Two profiles were developed: one that served as a framework for establishing commonality among the various international wind engineering standards ('Profile 1'), and a second profile, which is more suitable for modelling the inflow to wind farms in the English Channel and the North Sea ('Profile 2'). The ABLs were generated using Irwin spires without floor roughness elements, and the flow characteristics were measured using Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) and a multi-hole probe (MHP). MHP showed a reasonably high accuracy when compared to LDA, with less than 1% deviation in the streamwise velocity and under 5% standard deviation in the streamwise, spanwise, and wall-normal velocity components. The profiles achieved good agreement with target metrics such as normalised velocity and turbulence intensity. Spanwise uniformity and spectral analysis confirmed the robustness of the simulation across varying inflow velocities. Overall, Irwin spires proved to be a cost-effective and reliable method for simulating marine ABLs, offering valuable insights for optimising offshore wind energy systems.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2608.07764 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Flowchart to summarise the establishment of ‘Profile 1’ ‘Profile Wind Farm (WF)’ Having established a methodology for calculating the desired ABL characteristics from various standards, the procedure is now used to calculate the wind characteristics of a particular marine site located in the North Sea. The ISO methodology was selected for this design, since it takes into account the sea roughness due to surface wave… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. U/Uref from ‘Profile 1’, ‘Profile WF’ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Comparison of a general set of Irwin spires — original (left), truncated (right): (a) 3D view, (b) front view, (c) side view, (d) plan view. The Irwin and Counihan spires have also been employed to simulate suburban type terrains, as reported by Paepe et al. [16], who compared the wind tunnel results using Counihan quarter ellipse spires with roughness elements to similar configurations involving Irwin spires. The r… view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (59 more)
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: (a) Lower TS, (b) Upper TS The design process was largely dependent on the wind tunnel testing scale (1:250, which is typical for the wind farms in the British Channel or North Sea), full-scale boundary layer height δ, the power law exponent value α, and the tunnel tes…
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: LDA and MHP, lower TS The LDA measurements were conducted using a FiberFlow LDA system, capable of measuring different velocity components at a single point in space. 2-dimensional LDA can measure two velocity components (the streamwise and wall-normal velocities), whe…
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Seven-hole probe [61] Before each test, a no flow condition was acquired in order to account for and remove the drift in the output voltage. Pressure differences between the top, bottom, and side holes of the probe help determine pressure coefficients, from which veloc…
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Modified traverse set-up The traverse system enabled velocity measurements at various heights and spanwise positions with minimal disturbance caused to the incoming flow. Initially, a triangular Minitec aluminium frame with an encoder-controlled vertical carriage (of m…
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Lower TS arrangement (a) 3 spire ‘Set 1’ (b) 2 spire ‘Set 1’ (c) 2 spire ‘Set 2’ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_9.png]
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Upper TS arrangement: 4 spires (a) ‘Set 1’ (b) ‘Set 2’; 5 spires (c) ‘Set 1’ (d) ‘Set 2’ For experiments carried out in the lower test section, once the sufficient seeding was established, the LDA probe’s datum position in the wind tunnel was recorded, serving as the …
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Contour plot of U/Uref , using ‘Set 1’ 3 spires, in the lower TS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_11.png]
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: 2D plots of Iu and Iw, using ‘Set 1’ 3 spires, in the lower TS 4.1.2 2 Spires ‘Set 1’ Following from the previous test case, two ‘Set 1’ spires were installed in the lower test section [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p031_14.png]
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Contour plot of U/Uref using ‘Set 1’ 2 spires, in the lower TS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_15.png]
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: 2D plots of Iu and Iw using ‘Set 1’ 2 spires, in the lower TS 20 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_18.png]
Figure 19
Figure 19. Figure 19: Contour plot of U/Uref , using ‘Set 1’ 2 spires+green mesh, in the lower TS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p033_19.png]
Figure 22
Figure 22. Figure 22: 2D plots of Iu and Iw using ‘Set 1’ 2 spires+green mesh, in the lower TS 21 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p033_22.png]
Figure 23
Figure 23. Figure 23: Contour plot of U/Uref using ‘Set 2’ 2 spires, in the lower TS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p034_23.png]
Figure 26
Figure 26. Figure 26: 2D plots of Iu, and Iw, using ‘Set 2’ 2 spires, in the lower TS 22 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p034_26.png]
Figure 27
Figure 27. Figure 27: Time series of LDA vs MHP, using the original traverse system [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p035_27.png]
Figure 29
Figure 29. Figure 29: Contour plot of U/Uref , using ‘Set 1’ 5 spires, in the upper TS, relative to the test section dimensions [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p036_29.png]
Figure 30
Figure 30. Figure 30: Contour plot of U/Uref , using ‘Set 1’ 5 spires, in the upper TS The measurement range of the multi-hole probe, relative to the wind tunnel section 2.7 m high by 5.8 m wide, along with the spanwise uniformity in the normalised U velocity (U/Uref = U/Uhub) is shown in …
Figure 31
Figure 31. Figure 31: 2D plot of U/Uref , V /Uref , and W/Uref , using ‘Set 1’ 5 spires, in the upper TS 24 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p036_31.png]
Figure 32
Figure 32. Figure 32: 2D plots of Iu, Iv, and Iw, using ‘Set 1’ 5 spires, in the upper TS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p037_32.png]
Figure 33
Figure 33. Figure 33: Contour plots of Iu, Iv, and Iw, using ‘Set 1’ 5 spires, in the upper TS 4.2.2 5 Spires ‘Set 2’ Based on the spanwise uniformity results from the 5 spires ‘Set 1’ configuration, the number of spanwise location for this test case was reduced. Measurements focused on sp…
Figure 34
Figure 34. Figure 34: Contour plot of U/Uref , using ‘Set 2’ 5 spires, in the upper TS, relative to the test section dimensions [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p038_34.png]
Figure 35
Figure 35. Figure 35: Contour plot of U/Uref , using ‘Set 2’ 5 spires, in the upper TS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p038_35.png]
Figure 36
Figure 36. Figure 36: 2D plot of U/Uref , V /Uref , and W/Uref , using ‘Set 2’ 5 spires, in the upper TS 26 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p038_36.png]
Figure 37
Figure 37. Figure 37: 2D plots of Iu, Iv, and Iw, using ‘Set 2’ 5 spires, in the upper TS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p039_37.png]
Figure 38
Figure 38. Figure 38: Contour plots of Iu, Iv, and Iw, using ‘Set 2’ 5 spires, in the upper TS 4.2.3 4 Spires ‘Set 2’ Measurements were recorded near the tunnel centre and the outer edges to get an idea of the maximum spanwise extent of the flow across the tunnel width. This was done, sinc…
Figure 39
Figure 39. Figure 39: Contour plot of U/Uref , using ‘Set 2’ 4 spires, in the upper TS, relative to the test section dimensions [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p040_39.png]
Figure 40
Figure 40. Figure 40: Contour plot of U/Uref , using ‘Set 2’ 4 spires, in the upper TS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p040_40.png]
Figure 41
Figure 41. Figure 41: 2D plot of U/Uref , V /Uref , and W/Uref , using ‘Set 2’ 4 spires, in the upper test-section 28 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p040_41.png]
Figure 42
Figure 42. Figure 42: 2D plots ofIu, Iv, and Iw, using ‘Set 2’ 4 spires, in the upper TS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p041_42.png]
Figure 43
Figure 43. Figure 43: Contour plots of Iu, Iv, and Iw, using ‘Set 2’ 4 spires, in the upper TS 4.2.4 4 spires ‘Set 1’ For the 4 spire ‘Set 1’ testing, fewer spanwise locations were used to save time, as key flow behaviour was already observed in the outermost spanwise locations, as describ…
Figure 44
Figure 44. Figure 44: Contour plot of U/Uref , using ‘Set 1’ 4 spires, in the upper TS, relative to the test section dimensions [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p042_44.png]
Figure 45
Figure 45. Figure 45: Contour plot of U/Uref , using ‘Set 1’ 4 spires, in the upper TS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p042_45.png]
Figure 46
Figure 46. Figure 46: 2D plot of U/Uref , V /Uref , and W/Uref , using ‘Set 1’ 4 spires, in the upper TS 30 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p042_46.png]
Figure 47
Figure 47. Figure 47: 2D plots ofIu, Iv, and Iw, using ‘Set 1’ 4 spires, in the upper TS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p043_47.png]
Figure 48
Figure 48. Figure 48: Contour plots of Iu, Iv, and Iw, using ‘Set 1’ 4 spires, in the upper TS 31 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p043_48.png]
Figure 49
Figure 49. Figure 49: Comparing the spectra of LDA and MHP, at different sampling rates To support the spectra findings, a time series comparison was also performed earlier in Figures 27 and 28, where the data series acquired utilising the modified probe holder/ traverse design shows excel…
Figure 50
Figure 50. Figure 50: Lower TS configurations vs ‘Profile 1’, via normalised velocity in U [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p046_50.png]
Figure 52
Figure 52. Figure 52: Lower TS configurations vs ‘Profile WF’, via normalised velocity in U [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p046_52.png]
Figure 54
Figure 54. Figure 54: Upper TS configurations vs ‘Profile 1’, via normalised velocity in U [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p048_54.png]
Figure 56
Figure 56. Figure 56: Upper TS configurations vs ‘Profile WF’, via normalised velocity in U [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p048_56.png]
Figure 59
Figure 59. Figure 59: PSD of the test cases in the upper TS at hub height, using MHP subsampled to 250 Hz; e.g., 5(1) = 5 spires from set 1. 37 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p049_59.png]
Figure 60
Figure 60. Figure 60: Lu,x from standards vs 5 spire ‘Set 1’ and 3 spires ‘Set 1’, at 95 m (hub height) Method Value (m) von K´arm´an fit 0.30 Spectra peak 0.29 y-intercept 0.35 Autocorrelation 0.31 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p050_60.png]
Figure 61
Figure 61. Figure 61: Normalised U profile for the urban standards, wrt 95 m [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p058_61.png]
Figure 63
Figure 63. Figure 63: Normalised U of all the LDA spanwise, 2 spire ’set 1’ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p059_63.png]
Figure 64
Figure 64. Figure 64: Turbulence intensity in U of all the LDA spanwise, 2 spire ’set 1’ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p059_64.png]
Figure 65
Figure 65. Figure 65: Turbulence intensity in W of all the LDA spanwise, 2 spire ’set 1’ ii [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p059_65.png]
Figure 67
Figure 67. Figure 67: Original traverse design for the MHP - closeup C.2 Modified Traverse [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p060_67.png]
Figure 68
Figure 68. Figure 68: New traverse design for the MHP iii [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p060_68.png]
Figure 69
Figure 69. Figure 69: MHP when closest to the floor at 8.13 mm approx [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p061_69.png]
Figure 71
Figure 71. Figure 71: Traverse being aligned spanwise using a minitec (removable) on the tunnel floor iv [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p061_71.png]
Figure 72
Figure 72. Figure 72: MHP’s sensor box C.5 CAD designs 1. MHP and static holder [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p062_72.png]
Figure 73
Figure 73. Figure 73: CAD of the holder for MHP and static 2. Aluminium truss structure [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p062_73.png]
Figure 74
Figure 74. Figure 74: CAD of the Aluminium truss structure for the traverse v [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p062_74.png]
Figure 75
Figure 75. Figure 75: Green mesh roughness with 2 spire ‘set 1’ - lower TS D.2 2, 3 spires - Lower TS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p063_75.png]
Figure 76
Figure 76. Figure 76: 2 spires installed in the lower TS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p063_76.png]
Figure 78
Figure 78. Figure 78: 4 spires installed in the upper TS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p064_78.png]
Figure 80
Figure 80. Figure 80: LDA setup - lower TS vii [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p064_80.png]
Figure 81
Figure 81. Figure 81: Old MHP traverse system, with LDA - lower TS D.6 Spire installation - Upper TS (a) Turnbuckle to keep the cable under tension (b) Cable clamp onto the spire side (c) Cable connecting different spires [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p065_81.png]
Figure 82
Figure 82. Figure 82: Upper TS - spire setup viii [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p065_82.png]

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Pith tools

Reviewed August 11, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.