Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models

As of 9 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 41 of 41 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2509.09424.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2509.09424 v1

Coverage vector

measured 41 of 41 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.737495Z

measured 41 of 41 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

41 of 41 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy0
unresolved41
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation e31f12d6-7fd3-457a-a873-171ee8027d42 · outbound

This paper cites LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.546851Z

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Observation 4045544d-2396-40f8-9675-959768668033 · outbound

This paper cites Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.554323Z

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Observation 53844773-4e7f-47d3-9bb1-c573dfeddc4b · outbound

This paper cites Language models are unsupervised multitask learners,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Language models are unsupervised multitask learners,

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.559561Z

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Observation ce8cfd25-aabe-4fd1-b9b8-35c260a89431 · outbound

This paper cites Can LLMs Keep a Secret? Testing Privacy Implications of Language Models via Contextual Integrity Theory.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Can LLMs Keep a Secret? Testing Privacy Implications of Language Models via Contextual Integrity Theory

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.564763Z

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Observation df16f66a-f5c3-4675-a876-12650d2b8f54 · outbound

This paper cites Protocols for secure computations,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Protocols for secure computations,

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.570115Z

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Observation a36eab16-0a5a-4065-b52c-f327d2dba0ab · outbound

This paper cites Fully homomorphic encryption using ideal lattices,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Fully homomorphic encryption using ideal lattices,

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.574682Z

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Observation b69bb71a-e26a-4feb-b638-c926ee9e44da · outbound

This paper cites Gazelle: A low latency framework for secure neural network inference,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Gazelle: A low latency framework for secure neural network inference,

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.579681Z

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Observation 1f77c1df-40ff-4b17-bf64-ddf87a075299 · outbound

This paper cites Towards the AlexNet Moment for Homomorphic Encryption: HCNN, the First Homomorphic CNN on Encrypted Data With GPUs,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Towards the AlexNet Moment for Homomorphic Encryption: HCNN, the First Homomorphic CNN on Encrypted Data With GPUs,

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.585088Z

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Observation 5c3fe9f5-2c63-44e3-81fd-cfaf4521d381 · outbound

This paper cites Cheetah: Lean and fast secure Two-Party deep neural network inference,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Cheetah: Lean and fast secure Two-Party deep neural network inference,

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.589436Z

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Observation e13d44bf-8c48-4696-83ef-ebd12a3602c9 · outbound

This paper cites Encryption-Friendly LLM Architecture.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Encryption-Friendly LLM Architecture

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.594147Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 6b951c84-700c-450a-af3a-65850ad609c0 · outbound

This paper cites Nimbus: Secure and efficient two- party inference for transformers,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Nimbus: Secure and efficient two- party inference for transformers,

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.599019Z

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Observation a72ac084-268e-4770-bab1-a709cab78549 · outbound

This paper cites Secure transformer inference made non- interactive,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Secure transformer inference made non- interactive,

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.604505Z

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Observation 76d2594c-6717-4717-9961-2512cdc21385 · outbound

This paper cites Homomorphic encryption for arithmetic of approximate numbers,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Homomorphic encryption for arithmetic of approximate numbers,

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.609160Z

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Observation e2093ab5-dd35-4994-a333-cc537a1b1151 · outbound

This paper cites A full rns variant of approximate homomorphic encryption,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models A full rns variant of approximate homomorphic encryption,

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.613351Z

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Observation a6818774-47f7-48f3-8da5-84e2c8644052 · outbound

This paper cites BitNet: Scaling 1-bit Transformers for Large Language Models.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models BitNet: Scaling 1-bit Transformers for Large Language Models

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.617689Z

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Observation 6a5adeb0-ae94-4451-b8b8-197f23d13716 · outbound

This paper cites The Era of 1-bit LLMs: All Large Language Models are in 1.58 Bits.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models The Era of 1-bit LLMs: All Large Language Models are in 1.58 Bits

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.622492Z

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Observation e5f491ca-79bc-4dea-8795-0fba7fd9cfd1 · outbound

This paper cites Theory, analysis, and best practices for sigmoid self-attention,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Theory, analysis, and best practices for sigmoid self-attention,

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.626991Z

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Observation 4db7aec7-2cac-44ba-9294-ad844ded8af0 · outbound

This paper cites MPCFormer: fast, performant and private Transformer inference with MPC.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models MPCFormer: fast, performant and private Transformer inference with MPC

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.631377Z

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Observation 5a3f71a9-f00b-45fa-a80f-657906a1433d · outbound

This paper cites Puma: Secure inference of llama-7b in five minutes,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Puma: Secure inference of llama-7b in five minutes,

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.636036Z

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Observation dd771a69-27ce-4ddb-b214-0c48a7c7cea8 · outbound

This paper cites Privformer: Privacy-preserving transformer with mpc,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Privformer: Privacy-preserving transformer with mpc,

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.640706Z

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Observation f84da38a-4ce0-4587-9c32-3652e96fb6df · outbound

This paper cites THE-X: Privacy-preserving transformer inference with homomorphic encryption,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models THE-X: Privacy-preserving transformer inference with homomorphic encryption,

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.645432Z

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Observation d71ce75e-6415-434c-896a-7dab690b20e3 · outbound

This paper cites Iron: Private inference on transformers,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Iron: Private inference on transformers,

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.649768Z

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Observation f6c16e5a-62c7-4be8-9bdd-947aeb9c9f9a · outbound

This paper cites Bolt: Privacy-preserving, accurate and efficient inference for transformers,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Bolt: Privacy-preserving, accurate and efficient inference for transformers,

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.654946Z

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Observation 9a2dee1b-22b8-4441-bdcb-30d4321d39b4 · outbound

This paper cites Bumblebee: Secure two-party inference framework for large transformers,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Bumblebee: Secure two-party inference framework for large transformers,

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.659242Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dce55967-210d-4631-bb38-8dcf8496a430 · outbound

This paper cites Powerformer: Efficient privacy- preserving transformer with batch rectifier-power max function and optimized homomorphic attention,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Powerformer: Efficient privacy- preserving transformer with batch rectifier-power max function and optimized homomorphic attention,

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.663754Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation bd890703-76c6-45ba-b8db-2e6973350baf · outbound

This paper cites A fast, performant, secure distributed training framework for llm,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models A fast, performant, secure distributed training framework for llm,

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.668085Z

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Observation 2dd179e3-eeb3-449a-9a04-64fd13627e9d · outbound

This paper cites Teeslice: Protecting sensitive neural network models in trusted execution envi- ronments when attackers have pre-trained models,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Teeslice: Protecting sensitive neural network models in trusted execution envi- ronments when attackers have pre-trained models,

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.672397Z

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Observation c44855d9-89e9-4aa3-b922-630c431b9426 · outbound

This paper cites Securing ai inference in the cloud: Is cpu-gpu confidential computing ready?.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Securing ai inference in the cloud: Is cpu-gpu confidential computing ready?

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.677610Z

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Observation 439004e1-2116-41bc-925f-e1adbc0dd3a5 · outbound

This paper cites Graviton: Trusted execution environments on{GPUs},.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Graviton: Trusted execution environments on{GPUs},

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.682654Z

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Observation 031e375c-5044-47ac-9e56-62c3fa3cf68c · outbound

This paper cites Optimized homomorphic encryption solution for secure genome-wide association studies,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Optimized homomorphic encryption solution for secure genome-wide association studies,

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.686630Z

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Observation e895a11c-acc7-4bdf-8bd2-4595a6d3520d · outbound

This paper cites GLU Variants Improve Transformer.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models GLU Variants Improve Transformer

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.690891Z

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Observation 9e27cfff-2963-488b-8c19-9b178cdf63eb · outbound

This paper cites Roformer: En- hanced transformer with rotary position embedding,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Roformer: En- hanced transformer with rotary position embedding,

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.695117Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 4a2adfbe-d337-4869-bc2d-60219bb199cd · outbound

This paper cites A baby step– giant step roadmap algorithm for general algebraic sets,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models A baby step– giant step roadmap algorithm for general algebraic sets,

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.699101Z

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Observation 08fbfdcf-fb4e-444a-bfcd-2ad95968abaf · outbound

This paper cites Openfhe: Open-source fully homomorphic encryption library,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Openfhe: Open-source fully homomorphic encryption library,

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.703857Z

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Observation 9bb2ffbf-a232-44c4-969e-e9b8e33c5987 · outbound

This paper cites Phantom: A cuda-accelerated word-wise homomorphic encryption library,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Phantom: A cuda-accelerated word-wise homomorphic encryption library,

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.710344Z

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Observation 9b145058-c50b-44cb-82e7-3f8fa46ecf3e · outbound

This paper cites Microsoft SEAL (release 4.1),.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Microsoft SEAL (release 4.1),

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.714563Z

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Observation 804767da-f0cd-4e4c-9824-1b8a94dae8bf · outbound

This paper cites Homomorphic en- cryption standard,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Homomorphic en- cryption standard,

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.719390Z

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Observation 72e9aded-ea06-49e2-9b73-1a7005e1f0bd · outbound

This paper cites Secure outsourced matrix computation and application to neural networks,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Secure outsourced matrix computation and application to neural networks,

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.723477Z

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Observation b828c842-919a-4b68-b1d6-7a125f6808bd · outbound

This paper cites Piqa: Reasoning about physical commonsense in natural language,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Piqa: Reasoning about physical commonsense in natural language,

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.728543Z

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Observation c5b1310f-11ae-4fa5-b519-b36228b10c45 · outbound

This paper cites Visual choice of plausible alternatives: An evaluation of image- based commonsense causal reasoning,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Visual choice of plausible alternatives: An evaluation of image- based commonsense causal reasoning,

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.733194Z

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Observation 8cc3a345-1a5f-4a30-bc29-8169e8ae02a4 · outbound

This paper cites Recursive deep models for semantic compositionality over a sentiment treebank,.

ENSI: Efficient Non-Interactive Secure Inference for Large Language Models Recursive deep models for semantic compositionality over a sentiment treebank,

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T19:10:41.737495Z

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Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.