Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses

As of 9 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 42 of 42 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.11030.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.11030 v1

Coverage vector

measured 42 of 42 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T15:39:59.646644Z

measured 42 of 42 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

42 of 42 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy32
unresolved10
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
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External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 4476e44a-6fba-48a5-a9f8-3114f3cd703d · outbound

This paper cites Rumelhart, Geoffrey E.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Rumelhart, Geoffrey E

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:06.277656Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 15c1d8d8-0238-4eb3-a194-b96cb8c60dd5 · outbound

This paper cites Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:39:55.804180Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 23d7fdcd-22b0-4d4e-94c0-c7ce89601e1e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:06.103818Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 10ef198a-17f5-42c3-836e-2872811f3f16 · outbound

This paper cites Whittington and Rafal Bogacz.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Whittington and Rafal Bogacz

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:05.939441Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 9f7c806a-024b-478b-95a4-96088af5233c · outbound

This paper cites Kendall, R.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Kendall, R

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:05.782686Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 566736a3-8dcc-4839-ae16-acc29c7b701e · outbound

This paper cites Alec Talin, Matthew J.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Alec Talin, Matthew J

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:05.588847Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation e436eb07-15c3-47c7-8531-204c8b3b0404 · outbound

This paper cites Stanley Williams, and Vivek Srikumar.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Stanley Williams, and Vivek Srikumar

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:05.383642Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation c63b15b0-3e18-4c46-942f-d133073c2bc9 · outbound

This paper cites Stanley Williams, J.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Stanley Williams, J

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:05.223241Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 040cd68b-e762-4160-8c2c-63723484d55b · outbound

This paper cites Design considerations for efficient deep neural networks on processing-in- memory accelerators.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Design considerations for efficient deep neural networks on processing-in- memory accelerators

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:05.005429Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 3078e605-4146-47db-875a-a84eff89cf4e · outbound

This paper cites Lillicrap, Adam Santoro, Luke Marris, Colin J.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Lillicrap, Adam Santoro, Luke Marris, Colin J

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:04.814889Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation b3c7b767-6b5c-4c79-b320-cfec0a0b28d4 · outbound

This paper cites Bengio, P.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Bengio, P

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:04.640655Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation e49db558-ca82-4978-b5e9-847c3de2e161 · outbound

This paper cites The recent excitement about neural networks.Nature, 337(6203):129–132, January 1989.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses The recent excitement about neural networks.Nature, 337(6203):129–132, January 1989

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:04.479341Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 75c7c7a4-c5c4-44f7-bc23-5bb8f2c19a8a · outbound

This paper cites Energy-based learning algorithms for analog computing: A comparative study.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Energy-based learning algorithms for analog computing: A comparative study

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:04.278673Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation d56f6f8b-8b73-4b76-93e2-e14727b4db55 · outbound

This paper cites Lillicrap, Daniel Cownden, Douglas B.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Lillicrap, Daniel Cownden, Douglas B

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:04.118750Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 4cb30c5b-91b0-4118-9958-351287551db0 · outbound

This paper cites How Auto-Encoders Could Provide Credit Assignment in Deep Networks via Target Propagation.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses How Auto-Encoders Could Provide Credit Assignment in Deep Networks via Target Propagation

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:39:57.054611Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e18ceba2-b6c4-4c1a-8d09-9f80db2211e4 · outbound

This paper cites The Forward-Forward Algorithm: Some Preliminary Investigations.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses The Forward-Forward Algorithm: Some Preliminary Investigations

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:39:57.158763Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5da84cf6-4ae6-4a09-985d-9b896c78b161 · outbound

This paper cites Predictive Coding: a Theoretical and Experimental Review.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Predictive Coding: a Theoretical and Experimental Review

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:39:57.242611Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cf1cb626-e027-4401-b9fb-8d18fdea7fe2 · outbound

This paper cites Direct feedback alignment provides learning in deep neural networks.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Direct feedback alignment provides learning in deep neural networks

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:03.933827Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation e3eb3547-f3ae-40fd-922c-1b8d51d29b1a · outbound

This paper cites Learning without feedback: Fixed random learning signals allow for feedforward training of deep neural networks.Frontiers in Neuroscience, 15:629892, 2021.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Learning without feedback: Fixed random learning signals allow for feedforward training of deep neural networks.Frontiers in Neuroscience, 15:629892, 2021

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:03.751035Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 8c6ab6a2-7996-4231-b621-7dafe8872e88 · outbound

This paper cites Equilibrium propagation: Bridging the gap between energy-based models and backpropagation.Frontiers in computational neuroscience, 11:24, 2017.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Equilibrium propagation: Bridging the gap between energy-based models and backpropagation.Frontiers in computational neuroscience, 11:24, 2017

Reference 20

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:03.542364Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 8e897105-3e84-4a69-9015-f2d84686d155 · outbound

This paper cites Difference target propagation.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Difference target propagation

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:03.370024Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 6344f603-ceb9-41ae-98a7-dcad7ee837fd · outbound

This paper cites A theoretical framework for target propagation.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 33:20024–20036, 2020.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses A theoretical framework for target propagation.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 33:20024–20036, 2020

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:03.160394Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation a58a3ea0-3f16-4259-af54-48a70f9b5808 · outbound

This paper cites Towards scaling difference target propagation by learning backprop targets.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Towards scaling difference target propagation by learning backprop targets

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:02.989081Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 18e275a3-4d80-4efc-be46-8fb0bbf06152 · outbound

This paper cites Ororbia and Ankur Mali.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Ororbia and Ankur Mali

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:02.825347Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 26b2a7c8-a018-4b7a-9a89-67a463c58c5f · outbound

This paper cites Ororbia, Ankur Mali, Daniel Kifer, and C.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Ororbia, Ankur Mali, Daniel Kifer, and C

Reference 25

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:02.644583Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation c424dede-3dd7-47a8-9f64-5e82338c2074 · outbound

This paper cites Fixed-weight difference target propagation.Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 37(8):9811–9819, June 2023.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Fixed-weight difference target propagation.Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 37(8):9811–9819, June 2023

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:02.415152Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation f749e3ad-ae5b-42bc-8aa3-bf70e6dba3b2 · outbound

This paper cites Error-driven input modulation: Solving the credit assignment problem without a backward pass.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Error-driven input modulation: Solving the credit assignment problem without a backward pass

Reference 27

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:02.225955Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 00019db3-4f5a-452e-b711-39503f551417 · outbound

This paper cites Dendritic localized learning: Toward biologically plausible algorithm, 2025.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Dendritic localized learning: Toward biologically plausible algorithm, 2025

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:02.007962Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation a4cd5493-07d2-403d-bb2a-49431cde1900 · outbound

This paper cites The Predictive Forward-Forward Algorithm.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses The Predictive Forward-Forward Algorithm

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:39:58.441936Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d0d9451b-04f2-47de-ab5e-9773687e2f82 · outbound

This paper cites Modeling long- and short-term temporal patterns with deep neural networks.The 41st International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research & Development in Information Retrieval, 2017.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Modeling long- and short-term temporal patterns with deep neural networks.The 41st International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research & Development in Information Retrieval, 2017

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:01.821260Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 68986780-ff40-4bb8-8fc8-e6dbb7752885 · outbound

This paper cites Meta-learning biologically plausible plasticity rules with random feedback pathways.Nature Communications, 14(1), March 2023.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Meta-learning biologically plausible plasticity rules with random feedback pathways.Nature Communications, 14(1), March 2023

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:01.593731Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 6e164670-ebf7-4fcf-a55a-5b07b83a66ac · outbound

This paper cites Philip Wong, and Gert Cauwenberghs.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Philip Wong, and Gert Cauwenberghs

Reference 32

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:01.401647Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation c215b9de-b07a-4d24-9ff3-ae07eb7877b8 · outbound

This paper cites On the accuracy of analog neural network inference accelerators.IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, 22(4):26–48, 2023.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses On the accuracy of analog neural network inference accelerators.IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, 22(4):26–48, 2023

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:01.195779Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 8606336a-c4ab-473d-9a33-06fb961f034c · outbound

This paper cites Mlcommons tiny benchmark github repository.https://github.com/mlcommons/tiny,.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Mlcommons tiny benchmark github repository.https://github.com/mlcommons/tiny,

Reference 34

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:00.995569Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation dc13f62d-693e-478f-8602-3e626324f773 · outbound

This paper cites Suitability of forward-forward and pepita learning to mlcommons-tiny benchmarks.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Suitability of forward-forward and pepita learning to mlcommons-tiny benchmarks

Reference 35

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:00.625452Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 8c7d20e2-60d5-4f00-aaca-db12033ea8fc · outbound

This paper cites Delving deep into rectifiers: Surpassing human-level performance on imagenet classification.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Delving deep into rectifiers: Surpassing human-level performance on imagenet classification

Reference 36

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:00.387823Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 1a25b945-3f95-4af7-a3c0-aba0d64c9cea · outbound

This paper cites Lecun, L.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Lecun, L

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:39:59.300701Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6a0d35cf-faa7-4074-8ae5-e8056289cd0f · outbound

This paper cites Fashion-MNIST: a Novel Image Dataset for Benchmarking Machine Learning Algorithms.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Fashion-MNIST: a Novel Image Dataset for Benchmarking Machine Learning Algorithms

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:39:59.429923Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 78277dcd-8ec4-4e8a-a4c7-98cff589a4f8 · outbound

This paper cites Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:39:59.491493Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6cf49b52-a0b8-4917-9209-8496d31853be · outbound

This paper cites Zidan, John Paul Strachan, and Wei D.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Zidan, John Paul Strachan, and Wei D

Reference 40

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:00.167750Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation ec0606e9-b8d1-44b2-954f-72f0e85baab2 · outbound

This paper cites Joshua Yang, and He Qian.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Joshua Yang, and He Qian

Reference 41

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:39:59.946340Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation e06e894d-ece3-4220-9724-c35a1a29556d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Forward Target Propagation: A Forward-Only Approach to Global Error Credit Assignment via Local Losses Unresolved cited work

Reference 2023

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:40:00.812196Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.