Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili

As of 20 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 33 of 33 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2608.03532.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2608.03532 v1

Coverage vector

measured 33 of 33 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:47.748499Z

measured 33 of 33 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

33 of 33 outbound references displayed

verified exact3
verified fuzzy8
unresolved20
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch2

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 139fb7dd-90b7-4672-9e0a-9e51e440b822 · outbound

This paper cites Advances in neural information processing systems , volume=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Advances in neural information processing systems , volume=

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:45.268874Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4aa98cce-e707-44e4-9e00-496e6b1f9f5a · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:45.304442Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 545aa8ad-9096-4bd3-b45b-79580f1bb1d4 · outbound

This paper cites Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilities.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilities

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:45.386662Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dc7ec28c-5e7f-437d-b8d9-4f8020ca50d7 · outbound

This paper cites Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:45.476627Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6b42ee21-2fe6-4171-855c-ba17cfa1b641 · outbound

This paper cites Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022 , pages=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022 , pages=

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:45.543291Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 23587172-b383-4a85-b192-55bdfcbcdcda · outbound

This paper cites I'm sorry to hear that.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili I'm sorry to hear that

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:49.779880Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation d1ab5eae-8d04-4350-9fae-dc2e938da55e · outbound

This paper cites MBBQ: A Dataset for Cross-Lingual Comparison of Stereotypes in Generative LLMs.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili MBBQ: A Dataset for Cross-Lingual Comparison of Stereotypes in Generative LLMs

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:45.707256Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4b5e28fa-164a-47fa-b850-a8e29caba66d · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages=

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:49.769870Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation be18baa7-822e-4150-b148-39bc15cf6a0d · outbound

This paper cites arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.02362 , year=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.02362 , year=

Reference 9

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:49.610669Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation a6281ca4-3440-4875-9596-d27f53581b48 · outbound

This paper cites Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation

Reference 10

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:49.293907Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 9d7a1ab1-6886-40ff-99e6-80d1e2dc2631 · outbound

This paper cites arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.22823 , year=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.22823 , year=

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:45.972244Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 89a75384-5c9b-4e02-ada4-e090213095fc · outbound

This paper cites Patterns , volume=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Patterns , volume=

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:46.080949Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 632c53be-588a-45db-9dcc-19312287c267 · outbound

This paper cites arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.16029 , year=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.16029 , year=

Reference 13

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:49.079754Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 158d5b32-5493-4077-96f2-d6691bfefd0f · outbound

This paper cites 2026 , howpublished=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili 2026 , howpublished=

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:49.753065Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation d5e71f74-3316-4a22-91b4-87fd5cdccce7 · outbound

This paper cites Low-Resource Languages Jailbreak GPT-4.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Low-Resource Languages Jailbreak GPT-4

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:46.281928Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bcd65a36-dce3-4527-9116-0fbfebe957b0 · outbound

This paper cites The Innovation , year=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili The Innovation , year=

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:46.348960Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0866cb1e-821f-4a9f-b13f-3c54b4627491 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:49.735957Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation b2967f57-9014-4ab7-8d54-3c27152a142e · outbound

This paper cites Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025 , pages=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025 , pages=

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:49.726380Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation cbb7c003-079c-4e21-a0e2-0d9e63dcf65a · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence , volume=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence , volume=

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:49.715052Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 41c0fbbc-1ca5-4c2b-8d44-f40ab0bbac35 · outbound

This paper cites How Reliable is Multilingual LLM-as-a-Judge?.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili How Reliable is Multilingual LLM-as-a-Judge?

Reference 20

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:48.654872Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 04bc5973-d026-4b95-ba16-2d566b78e811 · outbound

This paper cites Justice or Prejudice? Quantifying Biases in LLM-as-a-Judge.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Justice or Prejudice? Quantifying Biases in LLM-as-a-Judge

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:46.713413Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5c16a23d-a00f-472a-8478-5ec847123d09 · outbound

This paper cites Advances in neural information processing systems , volume=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Advances in neural information processing systems , volume=

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:46.785328Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e733272a-c8ef-4e21-b16c-14c687f8eeb1 · outbound

This paper cites Red Teaming Language Models to Reduce Harms: Methods, Scaling Behaviors, and Lessons Learned.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Red Teaming Language Models to Reduce Harms: Methods, Scaling Behaviors, and Lessons Learned

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:46.847137Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e24af8c1-9cbd-4903-8019-61ea1d541809 · outbound

This paper cites R eal T oxicity P rompts: Evaluating Neural Toxic Degeneration in Language Models.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili R eal T oxicity P rompts: Evaluating Neural Toxic Degeneration in Language Models

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:46.906524Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 69d485d3-69a6-4a8b-9748-2931c9f74035 · outbound

This paper cites On the Cross-lingual Transferability of Monolingual Representations.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili On the Cross-lingual Transferability of Monolingual Representations

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:46.961263Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 648fe670-6d4f-4265-8748-5bcea76a6eb2 · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the 58th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics , pages=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Proceedings of the 58th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics , pages=

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:47.046874Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 43ac67fa-d10e-43ea-a1b7-cd1b60d06edb · outbound

This paper cites Frontiers of Computer Science , volume=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Frontiers of Computer Science , volume=

Reference 27

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:49.689938Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 8193dc4b-da04-4860-a7ca-5301cdde4b5d · outbound

This paper cites Do Llamas Work in E nglish? On the Latent Language of Multilingual Transformers.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Do Llamas Work in E nglish? On the Latent Language of Multilingual Transformers

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:47.216741Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d1139a33-f1a7-4e8e-a218-3571539424c2 · outbound

This paper cites The Semantic Hub Hypothesis: Language Models Share Semantic Representations Across Languages and Modalities.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili The Semantic Hub Hypothesis: Language Models Share Semantic Representations Across Languages and Modalities

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:47.269056Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ea81c056-942d-4bf7-a45c-2f7df430ed94 · outbound

This paper cites 2025 , eprint=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili 2025 , eprint=

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:47.289369Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3c971104-0025-43fe-a4be-2d6607ba310c · outbound

This paper cites 2020 , url=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili 2020 , url=

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:49.674044Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 2cb332cd-7c56-428e-88ad-75a0a7be2520 · outbound

This paper cites arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.20009 , year=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.20009 , year=

Reference 32

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:48.312336Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 2fc7b6d7-cd66-42a4-9ac3-7a10a3baf6e2 · outbound

This paper cites Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , volume=.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , volume=

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:49.664158Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.