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Wormholes from Averaging over States

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arxiv 2105.12771 v2 pith:AGXOAU4T submitted 2021-05-26 hep-th

Wormholes from Averaging over States

classification hep-th
keywords statesblackcalculatedcorrelationensemblefluctuationsfunctiongravity
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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An important question about black holes is to what extent a typical pure state differs from the ensemble average. We show that this question can be answered within semi-classical gravity. We focus on the quantum deviation, which measures the fluctuations in the expectation value of an operator in an ensemble of pure states. For a large class of ensembles and observables, these fluctuations are calculated by a correlation function in the eternal black hole background, which can be reliably calculated within semi-classical gravity. This implements the idea of [arXiv:2002.02971] that wormholes can arise from averages over states rather than theories. As an application, we calculate the size of the long-time correlation function $\langle A(t) A(0)\rangle$.

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Cited by 1 Pith paper

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  1. Microstate counting from defects in de Sitter

    hep-th 2025-11 conditional novelty 6.0

    Counting defect microstates via Lorentzian wormholes reproduces the de Sitter and Schwarzschild-de Sitter entropy area laws.