Dark Matter Haloscope with a Disordered Dielectric Absorber

Dip Joti Paul; Junwu Huang; Karl K. Berggren; Masha Baryakhtar; Otavio D. A. R. Bittencourt; Stewart Koppell

REVIEW 4 major objections 5 minor 1 cited by

Dark Matter Haloscope with a Disordered Dielectric Absorber

T0 review · 4 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-07 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read This paper argues that a randomly packed dielectric powder converts axion and dark-photon dark matter into photons with broadband power set by total interface area, and that such a powder can serve as a practical detector in the 10 meV to…

desk verdict A genuinely new broadband haloscope idea with clean small-scale derivations, but the headline reach rests on the unvalidated leap from O(100) simulated particles to a 10^15-particle powder. read the letter →

arxiv 2506.00115 v1 pith:AQIFRJX3 submitted 2025-05-30 hep-ph cond-mat.mes-hallhep-exphysics.ins-det

Stewart Koppell , Otavio D. A. R. Bittencourt , Dip Joti Paul , Junwu Huang , Masha Baryakhtar , Karl K. Berggren This is my paper

classification hep-phcond-mat.mes-hallhep-exphysics.ins-det PACS 95.35.+d14.80.Va42.25.Dd85.25.Pb

keywords darkmatteraxionphotondielectrichaloscopeinterfaceconversiondisorderedmediaSNSPDbroadbanddetector

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper proposes a dark-matter detector in which a volume filled with randomly packed dielectric powder, or aligned fibers, acts as the conversion target for light bosonic dark matter. Its central claim is that dark-matter-to-photon conversion happens at every dielectric-vacuum interface, so the broadband conversion power is set by the total interface area of the powder rather than by a finely tuned resonance. The authors derive this scaling for isolated spheres and fibers, verify it in small disordered 2D and 3D samples with multiple-scattering and finite-element calculations, and summarize the result in a compact formula for the total conversion power. They then design a concrete experiment, DPHaSE, coupling a powder shell to a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector, with projected sensitivity to QCD axion couplings and dark photon kinetic mixing in the 10 meV to 1 eV range.

What carries the argument

The central object is the dielectric-vacuum interface treated as a conversion surface: each interface radiates photons when driven by a dark-matter-induced current, and in a powder with many randomly placed particles of varied radii the incoherent sum of these emitters produces the broadband power of Eq. (30). The supporting machinery is a semi-analytical multiple-scattering calculation for 2D fiber bundles, which solves a linear system for the outgoing-wave coefficients, together with finite-element simulations for 3D sphere packs and a diffusion model of photon transport that connects the collected power to bulk powder parameters such as the transport scattering length $\ell_s^*$, absorption length $\bar\ell_a$, and diffusion length $\ell_d$. Because the ratio $\langle\sigma_{\rm DM}\rangle/\langle\sigma_s\rangle$ is frequency-independent in the geometrical and Rayleigh regimes, ordinary light-scattering measurements on the same powder calibrate the dark-matter conversion rate.

What would settle it

Measure the diffuse transmission and reflectance of a centimeter-scale powder slab across wavelengths from $0.1\langle R\rangle$ to $10\langle R\rangle$ and compare the inferred transport lengths with the dark-matter conversion power of Eq. (30): if at $\lambda\simeq\langle R\rangle$ the transmission drops to near zero, or the calibrated conversion power falls below the surface-area scaling by more than the expected absorption loss, the large-volume extrapolation fails.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper claims that a disordered dielectric medium converts dark matter to photons broadband, with total power $\langle P\rangle = G(f) (E_0^2/2) f V_{\rm eff} (\langle\sigma_{\rm DM}\rangle/\langle V_{\rm particle}\rangle)$, where $G(f)$ is a filling-factor factor close to unity in the geometrical regime, $E_0$ is the electric field induced by the axion or dark photon background, and $\langle\sigma_{\rm DM}\rangle/\langle V_{\rm particle}\rangle$ is an effective conversion cross-section per particle volume that, in the geometrical regime, is proportional to the specific surface area of the powder. At wavelengths short compared with the particle radius, averaging over a spread of radii smooths out the interference oscillations seen for a single particle and leaves a smooth broadband response; at long wavelengths the signal falls into a Rayleigh tail suppressed by the filling-factor-dependent factor $G(f)$, which must be calibrated optically.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that the smooth, surface-area-limited conversion seen in simulations with a few hundred particles carries over unchanged to a powder with up to $10^{15}$ particles, with no photonic bandgap or Anderson-localization suppression in the search bands; the authors flag this uncertainty explicitly in Sec. III E.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

A fixed volume of powder converts dark matter with scanning speed proportional to total dielectric-vacuum interface area, making specific surface area the figure of merit rather than resonant quality factor.
The proposed DPHaSE design can reach QCD axion-photon couplings down to about 10 meV with a 10 T magnet, and dark-photon kinetic mixing down to $\varepsilon\sim 5\times 10^{-16}$ with a 1 cm$^2$ sensor.
The projected sensitivity exceeds current dark-photon constraints by up to five orders of magnitude in the 10 meV to 1 eV band.
Target preparation reduces to purchasing or sieving low-loss dielectric powder, avoiding the nanofabrication and tuning required for half-wave dielectric stacks.
Because dark-matter conversion and ordinary light scattering share the same powder, the sensitivity curve can be calibrated with transmission and reflectance measurements before and during the search.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If the surface-area scaling persists to experimental volumes, the same reasoning could be pushed to smaller mean radii or higher filling factors to extend the geometric regime to shorter wavelengths, limited mainly by material loss and by the onset of photonic bandgaps or Anderson localization.
The identification of the conversion cross-section with the light-scattering cross-section suggests that existing diffuse-reflectance data for powdered materials could be screened to rank candidate target dielectrics without new dark-matter-specific measurements.
A direct testable extension is a prototype that measures the single-photon rate from an intense source placed at the same dielectric interfaces and checks that the rate grows linearly with total surface area in the way Eq. (30) predicts.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

Two things to know. First, this is the first paper I have seen that proposes a disordered dielectric powder as a broadband conversion target, replacing interference-engineered stacks with randomness. Second, the load-bearing move is the large-volume extrapolation, and the authors know it: in Sec. III E they say they might have underestimated the significance of photonic bandgaps and Anderson localization, and in Sec. VI they concede there can be sensitivity gaps near lambda ~ . Read the headline reach curves as projections, not predictions.

What is actually new and solid: the single-fiber and single-sphere derivations in App. B are careful and internally consistent, and the disorder-averaged area-law scaling in Eq. (30) is a clean, parameter-free result in the geometric regime. The 2D multiple-scattering T-matrix work is well done, and the COMSOL 3D results match the semi-analytical formula's functional form for the simulated distributions. The calibration strategy—measuring diffuse reflectance and transmittance to fix G(f) and check for localization gaps—is genuinely clever, because light-scattering calibration sidesteps the DM couplings entirely. The proposal itself (powder, SNSPD, veto) is concrete and cheap relative to resonant haloscopes.

Where it is soft. The simulations cover up to 500 fibers in 2D and 189 spheres in 3D; the experiment is 10^15 particles. The claim in Sec. III E that interference effects remain irrelevant for larger volumes is asserted, not derived. The stress-test note is right that localization, ubiquitous in 2D and possible in 3D in the Mie-resonance regime, could either suppress photon production or trap signal photons in the powder; both kill the projected sensitivity in Fig. 8. Also, G(f) is calibrated from the authors' own COMSOL data with an assumed transition at lambda_T ~ 3, so the headline curves are not independent of the simulation. Cryogenic powder absorption lengths are assumed at 10-100 m, while powder surface absorption can be far worse than bulk; the authors flag that too. These are acknowledged in text, which counts in their favor, but they are still the difference between a proof of concept and a detector proposal.

Who gets value: anyone working on axion or dark photon detection in the 10 meV to 1 eV range, plus people in disordered optics who want a new application. It deserves a serious referee. The paper is internally coherent, honestly flagged, and potentially important; a referee should push hard on localization and bandgap physics and demand a prototype-scale calibration before the reach claims are taken at face value.

Referee Report

4 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper proposes a new broadband dark-matter-to-photon conversion target: a volume filled with disordered dielectric powder (spheres or aligned fibers), and an experimental design (DPHaSE) pairing this target with an SNSPD. The theoretical core is the derivation of single-scatterer conversion power for a dielectric fiber and a dielectric sphere, the area-law scaling of the frequency-integrated power with total interface area, and its extension to incoherent sums over many particles. The authors then present multiple-scattering T-matrix simulations for up to 500 fibers in 2D and COMSOL simulations for up to 189 spheres in 3D, from which they extract a filling-factor-dependent correction G(f) and a geometric-to-Rayleigh transition at lambda_T ~ 3<R>. A diffusion model for photon transport in the powder gives an effective volume Veff for a cavity-coupled sensor, and the projected sensitivity is presented in Fig. 8 for three wavelength bands, claiming up to five orders of magnitude improvement over existing dark-photon constraints and sensitivity to QCD axion couplings in the 10 meV-eV range.

Significance. The single-scatterer analysis and the 2D multi-fiber formalism in Secs. III A-III C and Appendix B are internally consistent and provide a clean demonstration that interface conversion in disordered media obeys an area-law scaling in the geometric regime. The proposal's appeal is genuine: commercially available powders, no resonant tuning, and a simple calibration strategy via optical transmission measurements. The paper is also honest about its main weaknesses: Sec. III E explicitly states that photonic bandgaps and Anderson localization might have been underestimated, and Sec. VI admits possible sensitivity gaps at lambda ~ <R>. However, the reach curves in Fig. 8 and Eq. (42) rely on assumptions that are not validated at the target scale: that O(100)-particle simulations remain representative for a 10^15-particle powder, that the simulation-calibrated G(f) and the immediate transition at lambda_T ~ 3<R> persist, and that diffusive transport with a well-defined transport mean free path holds in the entire search band. If these assumptions fail, the projected sensitivity is correspondingly overestimated.

major comments (4)

[Sec. III E; Sec. VI; Fig. 8] The large-volume extrapolation from O(100) simulated particles to a 10^15-particle powder is load-bearing for the projected reach, and it is not demonstrated. Sec. III E concedes that photonic bandgaps and Anderson localization may be significant and that G(f) cannot be predicted at large N, and Sec. VI concedes that 'there can be gaps in the sensitivity, in particular around lambda ~ <R>'. Localization or a bandgap would suppress either the local density of optical states (reducing production) or the diffusion constant used in Veff in Eqs. (36)-(40), so the smooth reach curves in Fig. 8 would be overestimated. The authors should either quantify these effects (e.g., with larger-scale numerical studies or a localization criterion based on the Ioffe-Regel parameter) or explicitly reframe the central claim as a proof-of-principle whose broadband reach remains to be established by prototype measurements.
[Sec. III D; Fig. 6(c)] The 3D numerical evidence for the smooth area-law claim rests on only three configurations, one per filling factor, with no ensemble averaging and no error bars. The paper notes that Fig. 6(c) shows noticeable fluctuations and box-mode oscillations, and in Sec. III E it asserts that interference effects 'remain irrelevant' for larger volumes, but this assertion is not derived or simulated. At minimum the authors should present multiple independent configurations for at least one filling factor and show that the configuration-averaged power converges to the incoherent-sum result in the geometric regime before using that regime to anchor the reach calculation.
[Eq. (30); Sec. VI; Fig. 8] The headline reach depends on the simulation-calibrated G(f) and on the assumed transition at lambda_T ~ 3<R> with an immediate transition between the geometric and Rayleigh regimes. These are not parameter-free predictions: G(f) is extracted from the 3D COMSOL data in Fig. 6(c), and the 'immediate transition' is a modeling choice, not a measured or derived property. The manuscript should state how sensitive the reach curves in Fig. 8 are to these choices, e.g., by showing a band of reach curves for plausible variations of G(f) and lambda_T, or by presenting the calibration procedure that would determine them before the claimed sensitivity is used.
[Sec. IV A; Sec. V A] The diffusion model assumes a well-defined transport mean free path l_s* and absorption length l_a throughout the search band. For band C in particular, the absorption length in Eq. (41) is based on bulk high-resistivity silicon and the paper acknowledges that cryogenic powder absorption lengths are largely unmeasured. Since Veff in Eqs. (36)-(40) is directly proportional to l_a, the projected reach in the far-IR band is sensitive to an assumed material property for which the paper cites no powder-specific measurement. This should be presented as an assumed parameter with a clear uncertainty estimate, not as a baseline sensitivity.

minor comments (5)

[Sec. V A; Table III] The text says band A covers Compton wavelengths 1-6 microns, but Table III lists the band A bandwidth as 1-4 microns; these values should be made consistent.
[Sec. VI] In the paragraph before Eq. (42), the text refers to 'the blue and red lines', but the three reach curves in Fig. 8 are described as blue, magenta, and green in both the figure caption and the surrounding text; the color reference should be corrected.
[Sec. III A; Sec. III B] The same symbol P is used for the power of a single particle and for the power of many particles, despite a statement that the two are distinguished; in several places (e.g., Eq. (23) and surrounding text) the distinction is easy to miss. A different symbol for the summed power would improve readability.
[Sec. IV B] The word 'repectively' appears in the sentence describing Eq. (31); this is a typo.
[Sec. I; Sec. VII] The abstract and conclusions state that the reach 'exceeds current constraints on dark photon dark matter by up to 5 orders of magnitude'; this wording should be conditioned on the Phase II assumptions and on the unresolved large-volume questions raised in Sec. III E, to avoid implying a demonstrated sensitivity rather than a projection.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 2.0 of 10

No by-construction circularity; the derivation is self-contained. Minor self-citations are background only, and the simulation-calibrated G(f) is an explicitly stated calibration for the reach projection rather than a fitted parameter renamed as a prediction.

full rationale

The core derivation chain is self-contained. The single-fiber and single-sphere conversion powers (Eqs. 12 and 19) are obtained by solving Maxwell's equations with a DM source in App. B, and the geometric-regime area law (Eqs. 15-17 and 21-23) follows from averaging these exact solutions over frequency or radius; it is not fitted to simulation output. The 2D multi-fiber treatment solves the T-matrix multiple-scattering system (Eq. 25) with the same source terms, and the 3D treatment numerically solves the same modified Maxwell equations with COMSOL (Sec. III D); both are first-principles checks independent of the final reach claim. The filling-factor factor G(f) is explicitly stated to be non-analytic and not predicted from the small-volume studies (Sec. III E: 'the filling-factor-dependent geometrical factor G(f) cannot be precisely predicted based on our semi-analytical and numerical studies'), and Sec. VI uses a G(f) extracted from the 3D simulation as a stated calibration, with the paper acknowledging real sensitivity gaps from bandgaps and Anderson localization (Secs. III E and VI, including 'there can be gaps in the sensitivity, in particular around λ ≃ ⟨R⟩'). This is an extrapolation assumption, not a by-construction equivalence; the projected sensitivity does not feed back into the derivation of the conversion power. Self-citations such as Ref. [55] supply background scaling and noise estimates, but the same results are rederived in this paper or supported by external references ([51], [84]), so they are not load-bearing. No step reduces an output to an input by definition.

Assumptions & free parameters 8 free parameters · 7 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central conversion-power formulas rest on standard scattering theory plus domain assumptions about DM couplings, zero DM velocity, and the representativeness of small-volume simulations. The most fragile additions are the assumed low-loss powder properties, the assumed large-volume immunity to localization and bandgaps, and the simulation-calibrated G(f) used for projected reach.

free parameters (8)

Geometrical correction factor G(f) = set by matching powers at λ_T ≈ 3⟨R⟩ for f = 0.5
Introduced in Eqs. (27) and (29) to capture Rayleigh-regime suppression; cannot be computed analytically and is read off the 3D COMSOL simulation in Sec. III D, then used for the reach projections in Sec. VI.
Transition wavelength λ_T = λ_T ≈ 3⟨R⟩
Chosen from Fig. 6(c) as the geometric-to-Rayleigh transition for a 50% filling factor; the sensitivity peak occurs at this transition, so its value directly shapes the reach curves.
Mean powder radius per band ⟨R⟩ = 0.82 µm (Band A), 2.11 µm (Band B), 20.0 µm (Band C)
Chosen by hand so the geometric-to-Rayleigh transition sits at the geometric mean of each search band, maximizing sensitivity; listed in Table III.
Radius dispersion σ_R = 0.5 ⟨R⟩
Assumed large enough to smooth interference effects; smaller variations produce sharper resonant features, as shown in Fig. 5(c). This choice is not derived from data.
Cryogenic powder absorption length = 10 m (alumina), 100 m (KBr/NaCl, assumed), 1.6 to 6.3 m (HR-Si)
For Bands B and C the paper states 'we will suppose ℓa = 100 m' and notes that no published cryogenic powder measurement exists; the effective volume and reach scale with this parameter.
Background count rate Γ_bg = Phase I 10^-3 to 10^-2 Hz; Phase II 10^-6 Hz
Phase I is a linear area scaling of the LAMPOST dark count; Phase II assumes veto systems reach an extrapolated dark-count floor. These rates drive the reach in Eq. (42).
Sensor area and efficiency = Asensor = 1 to 10 cm²; efficiency 85% (Band A), 50% (Bands B and C)
Assumed SNSPD improvements beyond current demonstrated 1 mm² saturated-efficiency devices; the effective volume and reach scale linearly with area.
Filling factor f = f = 0.5
Assumed for all reach calculations; this value affects G(f), the effective volume, and the conversion power density.

assumptions (7)

domain assumption Axion and dark photon couplings to photons are described by the Lagrangians in Eqs. (1) and (2).
The entire conversion calculation relies on these beyond-Standard-Model interactions; they are standard but unproven.
domain assumption Dark matter velocity is negligible, so the DM fields are monochromatic, zero-momentum sources.
Used throughout Sec. III and App. B to set k_z = 0 and to write a(t) = a0 cos(m_a t); O(v²) corrections are neglected.
standard math Linear superposition and the T-matrix multiple-scattering formalism correctly describe conversions in dense fiber bundles.
Eq. (25) and App. B 3 reduce the many-fiber problem to a linear system; this is standard scattering theory extended to sources inside each scatterer.
standard math The average conversion power over a smooth radius distribution equals the frequency-averaged power in the limit λ/(2π⟨R⟩) → 0.
Used to derive Eqs. (16), (21), and the area-law scaling; requires smoothness of the radius distribution on the scale of λ.
domain assumption Optical transport properties of the powder are independent of whether the photons come from DM conversion or from an external lamp.
Secs. III E and IV rely on this to justify calibrating the DM conversion target with transmission and reflectance measurements.
ad hoc to paper In a large powder volume, Anderson localization and photonic bandgaps do not suppress DM conversion power in the search bands, or their effect can be fully calibrated away.
The authors acknowledge in Sec. III E that they might have underestimated these effects; the projected reach assumes small-volume incoherent-sum behavior persists to 10^15 particles.
domain assumption The 1D cavity diffusion model in App. C captures the effective absorption length, effective speed of light, and cavity coupling of a real disordered powder.
Used to derive V_eff and Eq. (38); neglects interference and internal reflections beyond the simplified two-region model.

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Pith. "Pith review of Dark Matter Haloscope with a Disordered Dielectric Absorber." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/AQIFRJX3

@misc{pith2026250600115,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Dark Matter Haloscope with a Disordered Dielectric Absorber},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/AQIFRJX3}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2506.00115}
}

read the original abstract

Light dark matter candidates such as axions and dark photons generically couple to electromagnetism, yielding dark-matter-to-photon conversion as a key search strategy. In addition to resonant conversion in cavities and circuits, light dark matter bosons efficiently convert to photons on material interfaces, with a broadband power proportional to the total area of these interfaces. In this work, we make use of interface conversion to develop a new experimental dark matter detector design: the disordered dielectric detector. We show that a volume filled with dielectric powder is an efficient, robust, and broadband target for axion-to-photon or dark-photon-to-photon conversion. We perform semi-analytical and numerical studies in small-volume 2D and 3D disordered systems to compute the conversion power as a function of dark matter mass. We also discuss the power gathered onto a sensitive photodetector in terms of the bulk properties of the disordered material, making it possible to characterize the predicted dark-matter-to-photon conversion rate across a wide range of wavelengths. Finally, we propose DPHaSE: the Dielectric Powder Haloscope SNSPD Experiment which is composed of a disordered dielectric target, a veto system, and a photon collection chamber to maximize the coupling between the powder target and a low noise superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD). The projected reach, in the 10 meV-eV mass range, is sensitive to QCD axion-photon couplings and exceeds current constraints on dark photon dark matter by up to 5 orders of magnitude.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2506.00115 by the authors.

**Figure 2.** FIG. 2: (a) Power converted by a single dielectric fiber given by Eq. ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** FIG. 3: (a) Power converted by a single dielectric sphere normalized by the frequency average in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_3.png] view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (6 more)

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: FIG. 4: (a) Power converted by a benchmark configuration of aligned dielectric fibers, normalized [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_4.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: FIG. 5: We illustrate the dependence of the power converted by fibers in a box as in Fig. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_5.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: FIG. 6: (a) Rendered images of the simulated dielectric powder are shown. Three random [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_6.png]

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: FIG. 7: The DPHaSE system schematic is shown. DM is converted to photon at the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_7.png]

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: FIG. 8: Proposed reach for dark photon ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_8.png]

**Figure 9.** Figure 9: FIG. 9: Left: 1D cavity model of the interior of a random mixed medium. A fraction [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p047_9.png]

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Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

Axiverse Lampposts
hep-ph 2026-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

In a hierarchical multi-axion theory with random couplings, axion field ranges shrink with 1/sqrt(N), generic axion–SM couplings are suppressed, but the QCD axion's coupling is unsuppressed.

Reference graph

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Light scattering by an isolated dielectric fiber To establish notation and build intuition, we begin by solving the scattering of a plane light wave from a dielectric fiber. The non-magnetic dielectric fiber has radius R, length L ≫ R (and hence can be treated as infinitely long) and dielectric constant ϵ1, residing in a infinite medium of dielectric cons...
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We focus on the case of axion to photon conversion, with the dark photon case being analogous

Dark matter to photon conversion: one fiber We now compute the conversion of DM to photons at a single dielectric fiber by modifying Maxwell’s equations to include the DM background current. We focus on the case of axion to photon conversion, with the dark photon case being analogous. The fiber has permittivity ϵ1, radius R, and is assumed to be infinite ...
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Diffusion equation The time-independent diffusion equation comes from Fick’s first law ⃗J = −D ⃗∇u , (C14) where D = ¯cl∗ s/3 is the (3D) diffusion constant and ⃗J is the net intensity (energy flux), plus the steady-state condition ˙u = PV − u¯c/¯ℓa − ⃗∇ ·⃗J = 0 . (C15) where PV is the power density injected by dark matter absorption and ¯c/¯ℓa is the ene...
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Pith tools

Reviewed August 7, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

[1] [1]

Light scattering by an isolated dielectric fiber To establish notation and build intuition, we begin by solving the scattering of a plane light wave from a dielectric fiber. The non-magnetic dielectric fiber has radius R, length L ≫ R (and hence can be treated as infinitely long) and dielectric constant ϵ1, residing in a infinite medium of dielectric cons...

[2] [2]

We focus on the case of axion to photon conversion, with the dark photon case being analogous

Dark matter to photon conversion: one fiber We now compute the conversion of DM to photons at a single dielectric fiber by modifying Maxwell’s equations to include the DM background current. We focus on the case of axion to photon conversion, with the dark photon case being analogous. The fiber has permittivity ϵ1, radius R, and is assumed to be infinite ...

[3] [3]

B 1 and B 2 to compute the electromagnetic field and Poynting vector of a photon generated in a disordered medium consisting of dielectric fibers aligned along the z-axis

Dark matter to photon conversion: multiple fibers In this subsection, we combine the results of Apps. B 1 and B 2 to compute the electromagnetic field and Poynting vector of a photon generated in a disordered medium consisting of dielectric fibers aligned along the z-axis. These fibers are assumed to have a range of radii, as discussed in detail in Sec. I...

[4] [4]

We solve the Maxwell equations for a system consisting of a dielectric sphere of radius R and dielectric constant ϵ1, residing inside an infinite medium of dielectric constant ϵ0

Dark matter to photon conversion: one sphere In this subsection we describe the DM conversion by a dielectric sphere. We solve the Maxwell equations for a system consisting of a dielectric sphere of radius R and dielectric constant ϵ1, residing inside an infinite medium of dielectric constant ϵ0. The DM acts a source as in Eq. (B7), and the modified wave ...

[5] [5]

9, to understand the properties of a mixed medium consisting partly of vacuum and partly of dielectric material

Effective properties of a dielectric mixed medium Here, we will use a simple 1D cavity model, shown in the left panel of Fig. 9, to understand the properties of a mixed medium consisting partly of vacuum and partly of dielectric material. One way such a medium could differ substantially from a bulk dielectric is the presence of surface states, which may i...

[6] [6]

Diffusion equation The time-independent diffusion equation comes from Fick’s first law ⃗J = −D ⃗∇u , (C14) where D = ¯cl∗ s/3 is the (3D) diffusion constant and ⃗J is the net intensity (energy flux), plus the steady-state condition ˙u = PV − u¯c/¯ℓa − ⃗∇ ·⃗J = 0 . (C15) where PV is the power density injected by dark matter absorption and ¯c/¯ℓa is the ene...

[7] [7]

converted

Boundary conditions Near a boundary, the diffusion model can be inaccurate and the full radiation transport equation has no closed-form solution. Simplified transport models descretize the radiation into n directions (n-flux models) [116]. Another approach is to add a transition region near the boundary where incoming ballistic photons are “converted” to ...

[8] [8]

Diffuse reflectance Before proceeding to solve the diffusion equation for a cavity, it will be useful to calculate the diffuse reflectance R∞ in the context of this model and obtain Eq. (33). This quantity is directly measurable using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy as described in Sec. IV, and will be a key parameter for determining the cavity size requ...