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Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

As of 12 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 45 of 45 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2505.22112.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.22112 v1

Coverage vector

measured 45 of 45 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T13:19:33.195313Z

measured 45 of 45 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

45 of 45 outbound references displayed

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  • unresolved15
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External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation c5da5e46-90b4-43c6-8f96-d13d3e523172 · outbound

This paper cites Demystifying cognitive flexibility: Implications for clinical and developmental neuroscience,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Demystifying cognitive flexibility: Implications for clinical and developmental neuroscience,

Reference 1

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Observation 9bfa18cd-3d22-44a0-82f8-4d559bff8209 · outbound

This paper cites Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: neural mechanisms and clinical considerations,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: neural mechanisms and clinical considerations,

Reference 2

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 7a23d3e6-48dd-4743-a5b7-c843b5b6d017 · outbound

This paper cites Exploring the nature of cognitive flexibility,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Exploring the nature of cognitive flexibility,

Reference 3

Resolution
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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 7a1a9bed-98ea-4142-8020-b2d37897d58e · outbound

This paper cites Prefrontal deep projection neurons enable cognitive flexibility via persistent feedback monitoring,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Prefrontal deep projection neurons enable cognitive flexibility via persistent feedback monitoring,

Reference 4

Resolution
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Observation 087c6a90-e252-4542-aaab-7dda1e59bb39 · outbound

This paper cites Prefrontal cortex and neural mech- anisms of executive function,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Prefrontal cortex and neural mech- anisms of executive function,

Reference 5

Resolution
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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 45637b24-ab33-4831-a15c-faba54975bd5 · outbound

This paper cites Large language models are visual reasoning coordinators,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Large language models are visual reasoning coordinators,

Reference 6

Resolution
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Observation 25a8ebbc-1870-4654-a515-7a83bb06053b · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating cognitive maps and planning in large language models with cogeval,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Evaluating cognitive maps and planning in large language models with cogeval,

Reference 7

Resolution
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation 16b4662c-24f0-4ae2-8443-602c13554ba5 · outbound

This paper cites A survey on evaluation of large language models,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test A survey on evaluation of large language models,

Reference 8

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation f75c6507-9026-4ac9-97b9-233e95328f43 · outbound

This paper cites Integration of cognitive tasks into artificial general intelligence test for large models,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Integration of cognitive tasks into artificial general intelligence test for large models,

Reference 9

Resolution
verified fuzzy
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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation d6ba2bca-f1ab-4bee-a422-ebe25cea73c2 · outbound

This paper cites Hello gpt-4o,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Hello gpt-4o,

Reference 10

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 478af5bf-364d-4776-b809-31494948a237 · outbound

This paper cites Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context

Reference 11

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Observation b34f6075-8762-49f8-8885-0d543336403d · outbound

This paper cites Announcements: Claude 3.5 sonnet,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Announcements: Claude 3.5 sonnet,

Reference 12

Resolution
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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 831e7458-f931-45ee-8dd2-65f0d0703c7f · outbound

This paper cites A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking,

Reference 13

Resolution
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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation ad77324c-8206-4bf4-831a-a6b7933f4204 · outbound

This paper cites Considerations for using the wisconsin card sorting test to assess cognitive flexibility,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Considerations for using the wisconsin card sorting test to assess cognitive flexibility,

Reference 14

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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation 7c380b2a-d66c-4590-9fa0-d30f65702b64 · outbound

This paper cites The wcst-64: A standardized short-form of the wisconsin card sorting test,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test The wcst-64: A standardized short-form of the wisconsin card sorting test,

Reference 15

Resolution
verified fuzzy
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation cbc8f6ba-88cc-4ff6-8d94-541a166a284f · outbound

This paper cites Wisconsin card sorting test as a measure of executive function impairments in stroke patients,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Wisconsin card sorting test as a measure of executive function impairments in stroke patients,

Reference 16

Resolution
verified fuzzy
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation 21df84a0-6901-427e-bd7a-ae2ec1082719 · outbound

This paper cites Using fmri to decompose the neural processes underlying the wisconsin card sorting test,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Using fmri to decompose the neural processes underlying the wisconsin card sorting test,

Reference 17

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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation 4befcbb9-ff77-4139-bb2e-0d17c9194709 · outbound

This paper cites Common and distinct mechanisms of cognitive flexibility in prefrontal cortex,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Common and distinct mechanisms of cognitive flexibility in prefrontal cortex,

Reference 18

Resolution
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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

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Observation 93ae0bb1-6eb6-4cca-b4cf-8269041307e2 · outbound

This paper cites Flexible adjustment of the effective connectivity between the fronto-parietal and visual regions supports cognitive flexibility,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Flexible adjustment of the effective connectivity between the fronto-parietal and visual regions supports cognitive flexibility,

Reference 19

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation e6692b12-4e33-4f75-8dfe-4df44bda662f · outbound

This paper cites Executive functions,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Executive functions,

Reference 20

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation cbb44741-46a8-4601-97f3-05a093388de8 · outbound

This paper cites On the historical and conceptual background of the wisconsin card sorting test,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test On the historical and conceptual background of the wisconsin card sorting test,

Reference 21

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation bd9148de-e9f0-4238-8114-8b65e7ded90a · outbound

This paper cites Adult clinical neuropsychology: lessons from studies of the frontal lobes,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Adult clinical neuropsychology: lessons from studies of the frontal lobes,

Reference 22

Resolution
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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation cd98242f-e1aa-4c3e-9cf1-b0a7a958a718 · outbound

This paper cites The dimensional change card sort (dccs): A method of assessing executive function in children,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test The dimensional change card sort (dccs): A method of assessing executive function in children,

Reference 23

Resolution
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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 113d4b58-b4ef-4d95-bfcf-8d1a422019f6 · outbound

This paper cites Emo- tional processing and executive functions in major depressive disorder: dorsal prefrontal activity correlates with performance in the intra–extra dimensional set shift,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Emo- tional processing and executive functions in major depressive disorder: dorsal prefrontal activity correlates with performance in the intra–extra dimensional set shift,

Reference 24

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 5fd6809e-4355-4313-939d-592c2610bd7d · outbound

This paper cites Testing theory of mind in large language models and humans,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Testing theory of mind in large language models and humans,

Reference 25

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 826d58b4-a9cc-48c9-898d-a965d3e32096 · outbound

This paper cites An empirical investigation of the impact of chatgpt on creativity,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test An empirical investigation of the impact of chatgpt on creativity,

Reference 26

Resolution
verified fuzzy
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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation d0eaca58-7d6f-46f1-aefc-b450aff8d67c · outbound

This paper cites Test of Time: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Temporal Reasoning.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Test of Time: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Temporal Reasoning

Reference 27

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation fea50c66-695f-4e0d-8199-6795462b794a · outbound

This paper cites Vision language models are blind: Failing to translate detailed visual features into words.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Vision language models are blind: Failing to translate detailed visual features into words

Reference 28

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

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Observation afee0ac2-6667-433c-929e-782a61c91d28 · outbound

This paper cites Chal- lenging chatgpt’intelligence’with human tools: a neuropsychological investigation on prefrontal functioning of a large language model,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Chal- lenging chatgpt’intelligence’with human tools: a neuropsychological investigation on prefrontal functioning of a large language model,

Reference 29

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 4e05f13d-e542-47ea-b4e0-9250a26bb9cc · outbound

This paper cites Using large language models to simulate multiple humans and replicate human subject studies,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Using large language models to simulate multiple humans and replicate human subject studies,

Reference 30

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 9f9473fb-ffdf-4c65-ae8e-8e56c5274cf9 · outbound

This paper cites Pre- train, prompt, and predict: A systematic survey of prompting methods in natural language processing,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Pre- train, prompt, and predict: A systematic survey of prompting methods in natural language processing,

Reference 31

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 234c93ad-eb33-4e74-82b3-8763b7c7eed4 · outbound

This paper cites Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models,

Reference 32

Resolution
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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

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Observation 2762c3e2-64a9-40d3-9923-f136f0dd049f · outbound

This paper cites Navigate through Enigmatic Labyrinth A Survey of Chain of Thought Reasoning: Advances, Frontiers and Future.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Navigate through Enigmatic Labyrinth A Survey of Chain of Thought Reasoning: Advances, Frontiers and Future

Reference 33

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unresolved
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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

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Observation 7daf54f5-6073-47b6-a370-06f52395a1bc · outbound

This paper cites Large lan- guage models are zero-shot reasoners,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Large lan- guage models are zero-shot reasoners,

Reference 34

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unresolved
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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:19:32.349760Z digest=sha256:abb1899e396fc81ac26a886034a93340f4a94caacdb7c36ba22b90b9dd0d044b

Observation 44bfb4d2-336b-4648-99f7-dc6d6bd55ea5 · outbound

This paper cites Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models

Reference 35

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:19:32.399210Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:19:32.399210Z digest=sha256:f245987951018056f72d34ae92ced0017a3a552391b4af232b1b1b4372a75006

Observation 5ef36ba9-0092-47a9-846d-f92be3f14d16 · outbound

This paper cites M$^3$CoT: A Novel Benchmark for Multi-Domain Multi-step Multi-modal Chain-of-Thought.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test M$^3$CoT: A Novel Benchmark for Multi-Domain Multi-step Multi-modal Chain-of-Thought

Reference 36

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:19:32.456049Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:19:32.456049Z digest=sha256:2ece2791dfaed40399b9d4349b047aee3cce338395ef702819c2a7ff7de71f47

Observation 7a318d39-df91-479e-842d-2ad79079a413 · outbound

This paper cites Least-to-Most Prompting Enables Complex Reasoning in Large Language Models.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Least-to-Most Prompting Enables Complex Reasoning in Large Language Models

Reference 37

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:19:32.549895Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:19:32.549895Z digest=sha256:7e1e98eac8ec59cd2a89623a46a0b41865cf0d96735cdb280de9eb88436d93ec

Observation 67ae6db2-43e4-42a9-a8a1-91266ea4ffdc · outbound

This paper cites Automatic Prompt Optimization with "Gradient Descent" and Beam Search.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Automatic Prompt Optimization with "Gradient Descent" and Beam Search

Reference 38

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:19:32.679972Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:19:32.679972Z digest=sha256:0cbf6d5109af3988c3b380895a1e9fa8062e0f7ef78e1f0310f0dbfc283ef7c8

Observation 1edbde00-253d-4570-b8f5-141eed0127d6 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models Are Human-Level Prompt Engineers.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Large Language Models Are Human-Level Prompt Engineers

Reference 39

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:19:32.760358Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:19:32.760358Z digest=sha256:39c96c693e50b41360a80db3a980bf82fb208c5d2b2981d60803fd441764ae9a

Observation db62c831-f7d1-49ac-8120-fb2643ec71b3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:19:33.979664Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:19:32.819015Z digest=sha256:a525c4765dee93c415e83a8c91ea38f989a077dd6c022a29204680be2c1eb0e4

Observation 91030014-29dc-4843-b5d8-76ae6dab210c · outbound

This paper cites An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function,

Reference 41

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:19:33.846704Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:19:32.917255Z digest=sha256:c33bf14af643ce947d2c93c24c913eacec3525d8ad2c7f17b700f0b4dc26cdcc

Observation b065a8a5-a875-414f-86a5-ff8c5596d5c2 · outbound

This paper cites Is there a dysexecutive syndrome?.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Is there a dysexecutive syndrome?

Reference 42

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:19:33.753916Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:19:32.968143Z digest=sha256:c0274f7a11b6cdce909c2dd657f60052c9585a67ee6bb22e7ce4610727a40450

Observation 3f944b39-6f89-40e6-a473-1af6441941d2 · outbound

This paper cites The involvement of orbitofrontal cerebrum in cognitive tasks,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test The involvement of orbitofrontal cerebrum in cognitive tasks,

Reference 43

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:19:33.642501Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:19:33.055628Z digest=sha256:6656f0e0f7a7ebec1b5e704ad2e3edeb59c55bfad0c8218044568c41aeefebc7

Observation 477557cd-2372-40ba-8165-4165fbb5255c · outbound

This paper cites Wisconsin card sorting test performance in patients with focal frontal and posterior brain damage: effects of lesion location and test structure on separable cognitive processes,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Wisconsin card sorting test performance in patients with focal frontal and posterior brain damage: effects of lesion location and test structure on separable cognitive processes,

Reference 44

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:19:33.509939Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:19:33.141006Z digest=sha256:bf4cb4387a45bd17ed43ed917da13ac6ce55182edec774262c44b6c9f8fd41a3

Observation 972cb26e-cbd8-4478-94c7-916204369f03 · outbound

This paper cites Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting: The role of the frontal lobes,.

Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting: The role of the frontal lobes,

Reference 45

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:19:33.381803Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:19:33.195313Z digest=sha256:deb1fdec5fea1602129ecd1f8c0a8283c63f84cd4c4cfa2d7fa04a522409148e

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.