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Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources

As of 18 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 99 of 99 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2605.23684.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2605.23684 v1

Coverage vector

measured 99 of 99 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z

measured 100 of 100 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-02T03:00:01.827822Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

99 of 99 outbound references displayed

  • verified exact23
  • verified fuzzy66
  • unresolved5
  • parse uncertain1
  • malformed identifier0
  • metadata mismatch4

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation bb3f385a-f6f2-4ed1-a23d-2dee62db47e0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.141766Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:a59601f7590290c1b7e6aa5347d288e1b928b5630ba2831c1073c73b7a894276

Observation f7061ed5-5311-4e74-86f8-1a02a18bbf7d · outbound

This paper cites 2024 , title =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2024 , title =

Reference 2

Resolution
metadata mismatch
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:15.358804Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:80efafd611fed3464b0714068d62a2e757d7d27742d2e6a6455b0e703baf1107

Observation 57559e9a-7983-44cb-a9ee-548fb9ff1d32 · outbound

This paper cites Envisioning the Applications and Implications of Generative AI for News Media.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Envisioning the Applications and Implications of Generative AI for News Media

Reference 3

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:15.365458Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:8dd81f4735549b32be8ed8a933ec0b7dc187365919f31a763f224c2f8494ef7f

Observation a44cf649-bc95-4704-b389-40f10df64637 · outbound

This paper cites 2025 , title =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2025 , title =

Reference 4

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:15.345571Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:07ecf192426546412544ed349d57f7b1b7975e8a111462cce9a04dc1857b7f18

Observation 0fda2eeb-944f-478b-a52d-5b2dc5a87747 · outbound

This paper cites 2025 , title =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2025 , title =

Reference 5

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.077325Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:0b27a57094c301e790cdcf0a23c8289b99e60b68186ca6ea3177ea406af92286

Observation eb6fe5bf-9340-4406-ac02-4601dec001da · outbound

This paper cites Search Engines in an AI Era: The False Promise of Factual and Verifiable Source-Cited Responses.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Search Engines in an AI Era: The False Promise of Factual and Verifiable Source-Cited Responses

Reference 6

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.743219Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:813d179619b911683a351f0f583f0c2c4e097577c1c23b08229189b4cb5033fb

Observation 27e8dc1f-35d5-4a7b-932f-7a131595e82e · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology , volume=

Reference 7

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.071395Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:44512b04f084b3169ea0c64f420447ec7b7bd06cb891f9a859c0c9c3af087e70

Observation e3d7c012-ffd6-45c9-9471-f7edb2015f0e · outbound

This paper cites News Source Citing Patterns in AI Search Systems.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources News Source Citing Patterns in AI Search Systems

Reference 8

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.823213Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:de7c80e27a0be255acd52ef3b1040944788c433fa23774ec30cf787f279fb0ef

Observation ea97328b-27db-48dc-8cb0-94280eb0c620 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.354923Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:0dfee9263daecb30ffe662ab147c24ca9a5b6685db5921b94d7cf0f1bb749b33

Observation 5ac4a703-7c28-4ccb-86e5-a46aa911e2d9 · outbound

This paper cites They're All Bad at Citing News , author =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources They're All Bad at Citing News , author =

Reference 10

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.322261Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:cdcadb874a0b0464e3c10f613fa8079676052d4039e743f46ee8462da1d4b56b

Observation 6e67eb89-2adc-4823-a5b6-413bf08a5c28 · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating Verifiability in Generative Search Engines.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Evaluating Verifiability in Generative Search Engines

Reference 11

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.818879Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:b01687f4b6d4630a19f4f53043cb5c3828b0fadee836801304e2988c7fbd776e

Observation c5e60c49-54ff-48d7-887b-673bc591305b · outbound

This paper cites The Attribution Crisis in LLM Search Results.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources The Attribution Crisis in LLM Search Results

Reference 12

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.815048Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:4be42b5db1c33775eb2f8f0d776a968204ea2841a7c7d4ea1360b2ec1c26c50f

Observation 0e6cf6b9-20e1-4da5-bb6f-ca65842b3bdb · outbound

This paper cites 2025 , month = jul, day =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2025 , month = jul, day =

Reference 13

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.317828Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:662bbd6086f528e2c1e474d874009269920c4092cf757bae0a9ad9bcb0770354

Observation 060f17fa-52af-4e2d-b57a-afb424129c8a · outbound

This paper cites 2022 , month = dec, url =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2022 , month = dec, url =

Reference 14

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.326327Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:5f989a585a927944ceb167419f4fa3207eea9413cf5fdb3a13e144b75793a168

Observation a511c418-63d9-447e-8339-5e83b7c5ce2b · outbound

This paper cites Foundations and Trends.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Foundations and Trends

Reference 15

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.330732Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:76802ca6ce3fbae7581422a9bfa8e13cd90c57616698bbbe443afdcfd6197e35

Observation 72241be2-1df1-4d03-9eaa-ce5bb37735ce · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems , pages=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems , pages=

Reference 16

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.305679Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:13486555f4ec3cc421fc7b7aed449df5e6a42b7145d6a4a71f51af85bf1462cd

Observation e0664f92-c0bc-4975-99fb-73c5360b8e48 · outbound

This paper cites Manipulating Large Language Models to Increase Product Visibility.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Manipulating Large Language Models to Increase Product Visibility

Reference 17

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.807465Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:f5973ab9cfee23879d4b9eb9f2831662bd785931932922fcef0f9bef13a9ba64

Observation 3898723c-e383-4c55-93b9-ad8c759571c1 · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages=

Reference 18

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.296615Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:ded6edb702d2197759718a8484dcdf63e79985545261e1e8f6538fbefcda48e1

Observation c3abe294-1634-4b9a-a8e9-39ba569795c7 · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Diffusion of Harmful Content on Online Web , pages=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Diffusion of Harmful Content on Online Web , pages=

Reference 19

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.301070Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:4584d23ceed919d690912809fb1e1204e9b3a0985c3ca53c5256498ac2a3e8fd

Observation 49bdbf18-21ee-4ca9-ae6d-da849b91f0ad · outbound

This paper cites 2025 , month = oct, url =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2025 , month = oct, url =

Reference 20

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.309955Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:6f4ee54ffdc4d5f6195dbe011eab126242afddb79dd90947da28d9cc750350e0

Observation f3c9b4e9-211e-4ce3-8092-1566d3e1912a · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence , volume=

Reference 21

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.283426Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:7eabda7e3678c151f93f0ad1c803b885d32feac6b1678562b9ec49c7b79b4da0

Observation 2300bd32-7e2d-4911-ba51-4de70bc23c73 · outbound

This paper cites 2025 , organization =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2025 , organization =

Reference 22

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.278328Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:9761b52b879ab2ebbdb87e7628104cfff4fac0bfc3b9cf3e73ba218a555a5dd8

Observation e96e028d-8032-4e26-aa04-d795de5fc293 · outbound

This paper cites 2026 , month =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2026 , month =

Reference 23

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.287531Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:67ae90b5a7744c4691532bce6236d735f3be5921f1b8905f0f9232a3b1ea4080

Observation 0ae09222-c852-4d28-8b8b-ffc11b0d3193 · outbound

This paper cites Auditing LLM Editorial Bias in News Media Exposure.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Auditing LLM Editorial Bias in News Media Exposure

Reference 24

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-05T01:14:30.447913Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:b7211c6281520e2ac9661dba2e428631e9e09261301b85aee376312985280960

Observation 843a6807-44b8-4ce7-97f4-db55ec1cb40e · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology , volume=

Reference 25

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.270637Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:ae011b558d94ff0bcad2119acd254c6013f6157363abd706f9af46ffac922132

Observation db0e9f34-4658-46d0-80e1-8360d788d813 · outbound

This paper cites Telematics and Informatics , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Telematics and Informatics , volume=

Reference 26

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.274358Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:d8adeeafc0d8052a7aeca1e81893e8c00f7932b0fb10a53f14d1fbd1f692edff

Observation 68a40088-5a1d-4658-a551-260c9d41c251 · outbound

This paper cites The Symposium on Future Directions in Information Access (FDIA) co-located with the 2023 European Summer School on Information Retrieval (ESSIR) , year=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources The Symposium on Future Directions in Information Access (FDIA) co-located with the 2023 European Summer School on Information Retrieval (ESSIR) , year=

Reference 27

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.292583Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:ae61e7feeb1c5f9a5fbe4ba79f0819fd9ce690f730c47fc55b8fe742396d5e00

Observation 80f00044-ed83-4050-a115-446550367f9d · outbound

This paper cites new media & society , pages=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources new media & society , pages=

Reference 28

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.313743Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:0d73f5092f8842c4457f742c150f5f64067509a390f54a6b493212efad18f410

Observation f6a58ea5-a3d7-42d5-a8da-0c324b905f4c · outbound

This paper cites Unsafe LLM-Based Search: Quantitative Analysis and Mitigation of Safety Risks in AI Web Search.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Unsafe LLM-Based Search: Quantitative Analysis and Mitigation of Safety Risks in AI Web Search

Reference 29

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.811358Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:31ae5f204fb874ae303e74ef78ba77ba1ec72a3f2e7ec125836fd7d10c339aa8

Observation ca675018-bbbb-4d3c-a6d7-f111a71ce31d · outbound

This paper cites Telecommunications Policy , pages=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Telecommunications Policy , pages=

Reference 30

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.246462Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:ec8623bbba302018b152ac86abfdcfc60173adda05548d2968ea6d0a4b00276b

Observation 6c3e0bd0-435f-4109-ae26-d3a158aad288 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.259011Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:1367532ba2612d3caa6332d77d6712304ba3e065405f2dd1eb639b62a3896be4

Observation 5fe5c9fb-4f5f-40fa-afdd-71c840d6f5f1 · outbound

This paper cites ACM computing surveys , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources ACM computing surveys , volume=

Reference 32

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.265294Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:f1a37924a47eea9ad3edd804e23d176579f5fe3b23fbc72e6ebdb238e0c6f979

Observation f15b37f4-252c-4b20-9f35-317ea0397db0 · outbound

This paper cites Big Data & Society , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Big Data & Society , volume=

Reference 33

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.335903Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:f57b10e3ebda38ef82674581c15b22eada640adbf70f0c126587de889be5b63d

Observation 0e802d5d-7bb2-4b11-a613-664f52542dfc · outbound

This paper cites Search Engines Post-ChatGPT: How Generative Artificial Intelligence Could Make Search Less Reliable.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Search Engines Post-ChatGPT: How Generative Artificial Intelligence Could Make Search Less Reliable

Reference 34

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.827479Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:7480e2806def9c65607e006a9e6dc7a2ad34f2f782f7d1050e6e80f00a602074

Observation a9dafbca-495c-4bc3-8116-3cebc893a936 · outbound

This paper cites An Audit on the Perspectives and Challenges of Hallucinations in NLP.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources An Audit on the Perspectives and Challenges of Hallucinations in NLP

Reference 35

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.794067Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:09669098b9116685e404355a4ceff802624f0a716e68ce70edd5a725e197e9ff

Observation 13eda387-afb8-4ed8-b1ca-f72d73abd6c5 · outbound

This paper cites Engadget , url =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Engadget , url =

Reference 36

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.225483Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:d81545ec85a9db4689fa22a7e53c4033aef4f4e931af0c52ecb856b59f006b27

Observation 448246db-54fb-4cd3-9480-81e8058201b5 · outbound

This paper cites The Decoder , url =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources The Decoder , url =

Reference 37

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.234081Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:9387c948a6972b4fa61da16ad8a1fbc51d72feecb9798d6dbf37c2d32b6246ad

Observation f7d23400-bf88-455d-aa20-56937bda27a4 · outbound

This paper cites Google Scholar is manipulatable.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Google Scholar is manipulatable

Reference 38

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.763124Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:d45ecbbdb6a4ffb7c3e9412e2b29a61aa975d31f669f20744a6857ac4199c03e

Observation ee3952da-3cf3-4c9d-b368-bed1312f0e7a · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency , pages=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency , pages=

Reference 39

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.080793Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:7392e5bebb92ae1682164b0d00b59c582832a3919c815026aa5295ce4b8f4338

Observation e0cec6ef-5a4f-48b9-b445-cd7763863d2e · outbound

This paper cites AI use in American newspapers is widespread, uneven, and rarely disclosed.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources AI use in American newspapers is widespread, uneven, and rarely disclosed

Reference 40

Resolution
metadata mismatch
local_arxiv, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.759029Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:712c795863e9550136633c40c28a9a6ce6f0c27bdb9cbfeae512d6bfa20fc4ce

Observation ed1410e2-7afc-44c2-b61a-4e0fe37ae589 · outbound

This paper cites arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.19163 , year=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.19163 , year=

Reference 41

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.775384Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:2855a927831eb6c49976441d6c85623a0e1681f28263f76d29fd74ee88dc6d2d

Observation ef24ee49-9c60-4c39-9dbc-7dbe78094ff8 · outbound

This paper cites Technical Report on the Pangram AI-Generated Text Classifier.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Technical Report on the Pangram AI-Generated Text Classifier

Reference 42

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.739269Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:972034e81741dc182138af75f35bb137308d28de3bdbdecbca9a86b4bdd1298c

Observation 5a389b11-1f9b-421c-8783-a70bb6d2f687 · outbound

This paper cites ACM Transactions on Information Systems , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources ACM Transactions on Information Systems , volume=

Reference 43

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.058509Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:5295b4345bbd51d8ad5b2ceb9e051e12224c79c9766b76a3bab21749e33f1630

Observation e64b7bd1-8dd9-4da0-b9a8-a85356bb31a7 · outbound

This paper cites TechPolicy.Press , year =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources TechPolicy.Press , year =

Reference 44

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.164297Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:31791ea0782abb5369394288a4f2dc8fc891a755587f2113b0eee9262b627952

Observation 1cdfe44d-e588-4c4b-a9e2-6040c82f9a11 · outbound

This paper cites Relying on the Unreliable: The Impact of Language Models' Reluctance to Express Uncertainty.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Relying on the Unreliable: The Impact of Language Models' Reluctance to Express Uncertainty

Reference 45

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.785876Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:9532aeaf81d9ec156f9d68792a7fb46f5b0dba0ce00a43300f627f11242aa665

Observation 22f926bf-3635-4c95-84b7-7711cf0d1b3e · outbound

This paper cites manipulation , author=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources manipulation , author=

Reference 46

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.238212Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:973818cd14167854220392c256c556b10fce9c14717d53e9dc164e7e5ac0faec

Observation 8e90b301-2113-42e6-935d-e13dc12bfde6 · outbound

This paper cites 2017 , publisher=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2017 , publisher=

Reference 47

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.242275Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:50147635d9cd4493e768ce01eb9f25d6bee7d8c349509728a3bbd6fd74eaff07

Observation 90f429d7-3811-44ce-b0e7-c36cad78ec7c · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the 2018 conference on human information interaction & retrieval , pages=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Proceedings of the 2018 conference on human information interaction & retrieval , pages=

Reference 48

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.252532Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:3e92b9ad894c59420cc345e5dd5cb4349f94028d9692462a26a6c24d40643bcf

Observation ca910b52-6d89-4c72-a805-cf0e886455fd · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the 27th ACM international conference on information and knowledge management , pages=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Proceedings of the 27th ACM international conference on information and knowledge management , pages=

Reference 49

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.340502Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:a79a29329cfcdd4ba9a7f807b0151b687573ca4d693f4e3ae2c43e317a438cc4

Observation 6e11c862-02df-47db-93f9-2a8b7a55c1d1 · outbound

This paper cites Communications of the ACM , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Communications of the ACM , volume=

Reference 50

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.351247Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:a4a4163917ad3e9b464fabc7b49d0d6754477b5231f78dfb23799b54d5542e81

Observation 3ae09b62-4374-4061-8027-bc651482d12a · outbound

This paper cites Annual review of public health , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Annual review of public health , volume=

Reference 51

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.202939Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:7cff1aa421dff5a02927246385013826748d8515ad5284a3802ce8d45aa1505d

Observation 37320d16-23cc-4269-bb73-87bada8bb78a · outbound

This paper cites BMJ open , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources BMJ open , volume=

Reference 52

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.216158Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:730e7c92b93800c752c95845e0c1018190af8bc79e7d24b9d8b3c3412614a467

Observation a8f172e2-354e-451f-a4cc-07593954f6ea · outbound

This paper cites Journal of marketing research , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Journal of marketing research , volume=

Reference 53

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.348091Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:e81d28233e5baa48fbdb9d506ae1d51a6e28754021000bc6b867e487444cd03f

Observation b4b28ef5-7b3e-42b0-b862-524f5e9d510b · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval , pages=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval , pages=

Reference 54

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.186442Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:9f45f6e84afc1e60bb11a8d99739a610545531e08f03282e7463a85abaa1c532

Observation acfe8f43-77b1-4c7d-82ee-f71523d1889a · outbound

This paper cites Human--Computer Interaction , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Human--Computer Interaction , volume=

Reference 55

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.194967Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:6c368391a1666c37334c615ef9b39e2aaba6daacc168372ca1d4c41484aaee86

Observation 44f5fa2c-e28b-45e7-ae3e-2af5ae0fc720 · outbound

This paper cites Journal of broadcasting & electronic media , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Journal of broadcasting & electronic media , volume=

Reference 56

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.172967Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:4ddb63a4fefd4032651a6242d9ad5548f200fa29bd3be6e2562e6f854ddbac8b

Observation 496af620-9f88-4997-8b64-3982e50029ca · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web , pages=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web , pages=

Reference 57

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.198772Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:f1790a70301b884697f814e73fb60233db88f73bd7265fab90f5fa7f0eb5b5dd

Observation 30fbb4b5-7027-4310-b1b7-c7bd53a622c6 · outbound

This paper cites International Journal of Knowledge Society Research (IJKSR) , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources International Journal of Knowledge Society Research (IJKSR) , volume=

Reference 58

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.207549Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:cc87d6d79ebb49dc0c6b3ec3d8543cb8dba403b10a8fb1d273dafd53a7f53356

Observation faa175a3-6982-44cb-91ea-f416ac08e4d7 · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on human factors in computing systems , pages=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on human factors in computing systems , pages=

Reference 59

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.212120Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:c13f992671ecee382aaa82235ea0c9e7ac5d25d59e7fb66ea704db9d8c031e97

Observation 16f717dd-13e0-4459-a94f-0061406dcd53 · outbound

This paper cites Nature , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Nature , volume=

Reference 60

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.344835Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:32868fa43d4a435cb3426a69f238d6ecc1f6a3aaa5d601ff20ca2e84620f84f6

Observation 444141dc-da15-42fb-8662-fba5792c7963 · outbound

This paper cites Enhancing LLMs for Governance with Human Oversight: Evaluating and Aligning LLMs on Expert Classification of Climate Misinformation for Detecting False or Misleading Claims about Climate Change.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Enhancing LLMs for Governance with Human Oversight: Evaluating and Aligning LLMs on Expert Classification of Climate Misinformation for Detecting False or Misleading Claims about Climate Change

Reference 61

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.767060Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:4be80aa1fc7a49075c2ba37b6af4eed3da9e001a731ba45b676808f13688a1f1

Observation d56b90a5-f439-4598-9637-fe9314b09287 · outbound

This paper cites Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review , year=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review , year=

Reference 62

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.124126Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:120f91dd3e4834687aae6db0b612ec3391f55ffe75ddddbb4a8cdcdba19f9a9e

Observation 7a4605fc-b6ba-438d-9743-1acc7836b7b9 · outbound

This paper cites NASIG Proceedings , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources NASIG Proceedings , volume=

Reference 63

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.128689Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:4d7f9823d46ad183b58b151cdc936f2d2313293c15d1aaebbd1c978ca53951d9

Observation 8a6e26be-108d-414a-afac-703a8ac7c3a0 · outbound

This paper cites Tages-Anzeiger , year =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Tages-Anzeiger , year =

Reference 64

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.134322Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:c341516aab3a5d1458b14550305bd47d575f03198001f7de53100de2067e9195

Observation a2dc8100-c3bd-49ca-9598-5941ef6068e6 · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society , volume=

Reference 65

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.101878Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:6c56b7d5fee9f6bedc0ac8814ef7c0b51040ea83c2fe6e4d8fd5fc26b2177942

Observation 6deefe83-272a-458e-a9c7-9a9fa3e22aad · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating the Social Impact of Generative AI Systems in Systems and Society.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Evaluating the Social Impact of Generative AI Systems in Systems and Society

Reference 66

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.735764Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:21c19e8e757993993e724dd40ff25d0b55879710c0febf44f9baadd1d9b48bc1

Observation c84eba7d-a671-403a-96a6-65e2baf43534 · outbound

This paper cites New Media & Society , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources New Media & Society , volume=

Reference 67

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.093777Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:2598691ab0441dabcb0e7723caf33e24f1e52887657e49a909e8af2837d0bdf1

Observation a8566203-ff09-4a36-ac4f-efaf1fc119d8 · outbound

This paper cites 2019 , publisher=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2019 , publisher=

Reference 68

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.104837Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:62377608887429a55d1364511dde3962ce8b5c212e80c32dd3a45ff60bca5160

Observation ca2e0960-ef8f-4845-a475-cb394d25447d · outbound

This paper cites BERTopic: Neural topic modeling with a class-based TF-IDF procedure.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources BERTopic: Neural topic modeling with a class-based TF-IDF procedure

Reference 69

Resolution
metadata mismatch
local_arxiv, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.780326Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:ec948e917e6483bdeefbcf43cb76d2761c28c6ed7b51538c8e6b2ab4483716cc

Observation 11935a60-6901-4449-90c3-e48cc71d3f4a · outbound

This paper cites 2025 , month = feb, howpublished =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2025 , month = feb, howpublished =

Reference 70

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.109935Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:a944b376226cd859a93e88d22982fab461a9f6494778a7bba36fd8a28e49809f

Observation 89566c67-7397-4c98-a49f-713df37da50d · outbound

This paper cites The Information Society , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources The Information Society , volume=

Reference 71

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.169209Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:bee6481ca13c1a9cdb4d2596200a8e55d79de5ace92a79ba87c88527402bc7fc

Observation e809b617-c11f-4ed8-868a-6a75ce7d80fc · outbound

This paper cites Healthcare , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Healthcare , volume=

Reference 72

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.067950Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:c978ff149b631158f3d57b83b96866bfd4d9c345e679b88bbc8f287b476c5840

Observation 9239ae5a-57b5-48f9-834e-69df93187709 · outbound

This paper cites arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.11373 , year=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.11373 , year=

Reference 73

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.746810Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:e334f3f62dd3f6f5a819f536cf4838f6bc959bc07508eb0f266e0473811b6341

Observation 8ee00780-c3ae-4ee3-a063-eca4c6bbb454 · outbound

This paper cites ClimateQ&A: Bridging the gap between climate scientists and the general public.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources ClimateQ&A: Bridging the gap between climate scientists and the general public

Reference 74

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.771044Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:f343c7cb195ad87626f5fe5841e62efdd853c69b0ab8a744162420a1d99aef18

Observation 73d6aebb-e6b3-46ce-a653-f3db9a54996d · outbound

This paper cites 2025 , publisher=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2025 , publisher=

Reference 75

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.096425Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:faa2758233a3fd9b767ca783a8e054696c89748f776713cecf8d7c6affd46f99

Observation 86c64111-b32b-45cb-871d-89b9f4afe2c6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Unresolved cited work

Reference 76

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.221102Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:a6eb75d421261ee88b66f5f87f111f4e49a384e4a0028019620f099b4107ea72

Observation d1f5ecfc-217f-48fb-a88a-38c7c95fc033 · outbound

This paper cites 2018 , note =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2018 , note =

Reference 77

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.176510Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:bf8418add444e2b7985dbc22dca8895a262e61a8be14d4388595ff17758c4769

Observation 99bb530e-0f77-4c06-b079-c1539e2c6a77 · outbound

This paper cites 2025 , month =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2025 , month =

Reference 78

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.160823Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:50e9029c437e9734bf64145e0cf47cc729322ce5c7dae8f94674d1c7b0aa7191

Observation e0af4899-c794-4003-887a-0863a5b612d1 · outbound

This paper cites Colorado College Publication , series =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Colorado College Publication , series =

Reference 79

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.151988Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:1457514bd24be13c31cbb423038ee172f6bc736b775c0a124cb1ee4ad1fbd7a4

Observation 5a1cb2fd-b118-4688-b227-99736cbf4c28 · outbound

This paper cites arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.05334 , year=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.05334 , year=

Reference 80

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.789888Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:603c1664a5e16ee7df54ce838195ab7df4e13eda3f13dd10f50f6513a82c26e0

Observation 157890c3-58ce-4a01-9a62-de31840c8c40 · outbound

This paper cites 2024 , eprint=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2024 , eprint=

Reference 81

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.157371Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:69d34b806d32ffca8eeb00289a269409a419824c81bae091971209c76484be6f

Observation e23ccdd2-0354-409a-8d1a-d8a5f4ffbb3a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Unresolved cited work

Reference 82

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.180971Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:fd0e0e6f1ccb72ce7008c3ff0f70fc9cd82f260d2df0d82d3a01c1d9a1441054

Observation 1c8d8b96-d6fd-4558-beb2-d70c21d31b0d · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval , pages=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Proceedings of the 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval , pages=

Reference 83

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.190486Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:b7d1e30fef68bac7b94b96b538690c783320ea6ab458d302dc2aa099de692c6d

Observation 84ee8609-a45a-42d9-976c-2460be20b950 · outbound

This paper cites 2024 , publisher=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2024 , publisher=

Reference 84

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.229275Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:b4696b0776fca6208a59654877a2c3d661bf333d2f80730acc1ed6693ea8a26b

Observation b5e4e7da-d282-4e6e-959c-ba839ca40034 · outbound

This paper cites Environmental Research Letters , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Environmental Research Letters , volume=

Reference 85

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.147591Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:a982c1d09ec9d70f8b1ac10001904c6ca567cafa40f086878e3a95585001bf48

Observation 23d7238e-5c19-45dd-b2ee-414bf57cfa1d · outbound

This paper cites arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.13042 , year=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.13042 , year=

Reference 86

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.798326Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:ef6098ad34fb89490d7d0533265b09814c3e6e445e8339698a645ac50c691db3

Observation cebb61ea-bf64-4af8-b4ad-333af45f72b5 · outbound

This paper cites Is Misinformation More Open? A Study of robots.txt Gatekeeping on the Web.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Is Misinformation More Open? A Study of robots.txt Gatekeeping on the Web

Reference 87

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-29T02:25:09.372975Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:728b828c21b16676cfbfe32173c92390b3956c790ae4cdcca1fbd23e235a7ce8

Observation 06bc18ee-106f-4884-bb26-54c547f7ecab · outbound

This paper cites AI & SOCIETY , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources AI & SOCIETY , volume=

Reference 88

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.099201Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:72ebaf1c6898bc1c2982cdb85ab5b38d67abf5f8b0435f5ec6665c4ab93c6551

Observation 3f17fe1c-d06a-4092-977c-bab2bf19d2de · outbound

This paper cites 2026 , month = jan, day =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2026 , month = jan, day =

Reference 89

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.116463Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:3762540656be0b4f75a04b1fc123c1bf2c049d4dd5af43f0dd7b03a26cfcc0db

Observation 490385c2-2db0-4c9d-afc2-1c67ee77d518 · outbound

This paper cites 2025 , month = mar, day =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2025 , month = mar, day =

Reference 90

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.120503Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:8a3da7b2b9add386e3c8a5b0f944f47a27a656ee57d3f1987b92d7d08887a712

Observation e97288d3-c4a7-4b23-a160-e56a03b37607 · outbound

This paper cites 2025 , month =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2025 , month =

Reference 91

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.083944Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:1503b4c3efa90d65a815e7a64c26e8419a1b6c6bf66cbe98a2caa2dfa38d6303

Observation 9395c033-c9c1-41fd-8cec-0699ffdedd42 · outbound

This paper cites On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models

Reference 92

Resolution
metadata mismatch
local_arxiv, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:16.754540Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:115d98ee76796a7d5b49601344316bf8344bd2f138207b04f3b65f9fac495422

Observation 4a7ac845-a27b-4af6-b910-7dd2d5d5d224 · outbound

This paper cites Computational linguistics , volume=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Computational linguistics , volume=

Reference 93

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.090882Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:120ea7a60566fc7687cd0f9d1bf1773ed5e424fa3e35531abe8c4344ac1ff692

Observation dcb89425-be0d-4f2a-84f8-d6f8f6df50c6 · outbound

This paper cites A Multifaceted Analysis of Social Biases in Large Language Models.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources A Multifaceted Analysis of Social Biases in Large Language Models

Reference 94

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-05T02:15:32.022475Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:7d378504b56802492638752abeaba97fb5405f0195df697e7834c87deb72138c

Observation 23bac4ea-94a2-4f4d-878c-67b665f37c47 · outbound

This paper cites author=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources author=

Reference 95

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.087787Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:c7187871bdc0dcda9e6c36074cc8a63a9d3e4ac3ffac888d106c83577a98a8e0

Observation 8ed3b072-716b-4ae0-9818-a205e2b05aca · outbound

This paper cites ACM AI Letters , year=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources ACM AI Letters , year=

Reference 96

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.138633Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:5291823dee3c4f0a2e96dfed332e9e7e6284e1d69ba44d225a68a0e6f9130e02

Observation 1aadb4a8-3700-4ea6-9604-82cb775798a9 · outbound

This paper cites 2021 , version =.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources 2021 , version =

Reference 97

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.074290Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:7af01f8e1003e925a92632881db8c1530f65278d1048cf340f11295416e16c95

Observation 445c31a3-1de4-466b-aa89-e7d1738057cd · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages=.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages=

Reference 98

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.061545Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:5afe4d3337e6a4bb6e7ac27fff4db89ead37b6cc71cf35fc607ccdba00e65a47

Observation bb112a83-1fcf-40d4-b7a8-cce8a038f4b4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources Unresolved cited work

Reference 99

Resolution
parse uncertain
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-25T03:10:17.064650Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-05-25T03:09:59.710039Z digest=sha256:c88d06253316411ffe9687ee03f03258eacc06a1efeb589106f683815ddbc96e

Pith citing papers

Observation f5cbcfd5-ba11-4a13-8c60-46437d53f71d · inbound

Optimizing Visibility in Generative Engines: A Critical Survey of Generative Engine Optimization (2023-2026) cites this paper.

Optimizing Visibility in Generative Engines: A Critical Survey of Generative Engine Optimization (2023-2026) Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources

Reference 2

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T03:00:01.827822Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-02T03:00:01.827822Z digest=sha256:11faa655c691b93948daf89149aa10cd896c2f9eb8b9423c9266f82d0d22639c