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Fully extremal black holes: a black hole graveyard?

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arxiv 2405.08069 v2 pith:F3Q33SMI submitted 2024-05-13 gr-qc

classification gr-qc
keywords blackevolutionextremalholeholesevidencegraveyardhorizons
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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While the standard point of view is that the ultimate endpoint of black hole evolution is determined by Hawking evaporation, there is a growing evidence that classical and semi-classical instabilities affect both black holes with inner horizons as well as their ultra-compact counterparts. In this essay we start from this evidence pointing towards extremal black holes as stable endpoints of the gravitational collapse, and develop a general class of spherical and axisymmetric solutions with multiple extremal horizons. Excluding more exotic possibilities, entailing regular cores supporting wormhole throats, we argue that these configuration could be the asymptotic graveyard, the end-point, of dynamical black hole evolution -- albeit the timescale of such evolution are still unclear and possibly long and compatible with current astrophysical observations.

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Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Semiclassical regularity of compact trapped regions: From dynamical horizons to inner extremality

    gr-qc 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    In finite-lifetime dynamical geometries the in-vacuum RSET stays finite at the inner horizon, growing exponentially for non-extremal cases but only as a power law for inner-extremal ones.

  2. Gravitational Properties of the Monopole Bag

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    Monopole bags in axionic backgrounds gravitationally collapse into horizonless states or dyonic regular black holes that evade singularities while retaining axionic hair.

  3. Taming the Aretakis instability: extremal black holes with multi-degenerate horizons

    gr-qc 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    Black holes with infinitely degenerate horizons are proposed to be stable against Aretakis instability, potentially serving as end states.

  4. Regular black hole with sub-Planckian curvature and suppressed exponential mass inflation

    gr-qc 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    A regular black hole metric is constructed with sub-Planckian curvature controlled by the inner horizon radius and power-law rather than exponential mass inflation near the inner horizon.

  5. Gravitational Properties of the Monopole Bag

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Monopole bags in axion models can collapse into horizonless objects or dyonic regular black holes that evade singularities and retain axionic structure through Chern-Simons effects.

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