Pith. sign in

REVIEW 5 minor 165 references

Surface Nanobubbles: Theory, Simulation, and Experiment. A Review

T0 review · 0 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-14 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read Pinned contact lines explain why surface nanobubbles live for days

desk verdict A competent review of surface nanobubbles that accurately reports the field's consensus on contact-line pinning, with no new evidence but with honest coverage of the main caveats. read the letter →

arxiv 1909.02658 v1 pith:HGIAOEKW submitted 2019-09-02 cond-mat.soft physics.flu-dyn

Panagiotis E. Theodorakis , Zhizhao Che This is my paper · ORCID
classification cond-mat.softphysics.flu-dyn
keywords surfacenanobubblescontact-linepinninggasoversaturationnanobubblestabilityatomicforcemicroscopymoleculardynamicssimulationsolventexchangenucleation
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

Surface nanobubbles are gas caps, tens of nanometres tall, that sit on solid surfaces in water and survive for hours to days even though textbook diffusion theory gives them a lifetime of microseconds. This review assembles theory, molecular simulation, and experiment to argue that the currently dominant explanation is contact-line pinning: the line where gas, liquid, and solid meet is stuck on nanoscale roughness or chemical patches of the substrate, so the bubble cannot shrink away. Gas oversaturation of the liquid supplies the driving force and supports stability, but pinning is the load-bearing element; contamination films and dynamic gas influx appear as secondary or supplementary mechanisms. The stakes are practical because surface nanobubbles are implicated in flotation, drag reduction, boiling nucleation, cleaning, and nanoporous templating, so knowing why they persist decides when they can be exploited or suppressed.

What carries the argument

The central object is the three-phase contact line of a surface nanobubble, the circle where gas, liquid, and solid meet, and the pinning of that line by nanoscale roughness or chemical heterogeneity of the substrate. When the contact line is pinned, the bubble's base radius cannot change, so dissolution must proceed by reducing the bubble's height and changing its contact angle; that geometric constraint slows or halts the diffusive outflux that would otherwise empty a micrometre-sized bubble in microseconds. The supporting machinery is the classical diffusion equation for a gas bubble, extended to a pinned geometry, and the oversaturation of dissolved gas, which reverses or weakens the concentration gradient driving gas out of the bubble. In simulation, pinning plus supersaturation is shown to stabilise nanobubbles in coarse-grained molecular dynamics, while classical density-functional theory places the pinned bubble in a thermodynamically metastable state rather than true equilibrium.

What would settle it

Track individual surface nanobubbles with a non-invasive optical method while the surrounding liquid is measurably undersaturated, and record the position of the three-phase contact line over hours. If a bubble persists for hours while its contact line moves freely across a smooth part of the substrate, pinning is not the dominant stabilizer; conversely, if every long-lived bubble has a fixed contact line and unpins before dissolving, the claim is confirmed.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

On the review's own terms, the central claim is that the long observed lifetimes of surface nanobubbles are governed by the pinning of the three-phase contact line on substrate heterogeneities, with gas oversaturation playing a supporting role. The evidence trail runs from AFM images showing a fixed contact line during growth and dissolution, through a one-dimensional diffusion model modified to include pinning, to molecular dynamics and density-functional calculations in which pinning plus oversaturation yields stable nanobubbles while unpinned ones dissolve. The review also reports a direct measurement of the force needed to unpin a nanobubble, about $0.1\,\mu\mathrm{N}$, and notes that pinning suppresses diffusive coarsening between neighbouring bubbles. Alternative mechanisms are not dismissed outright but are ranked below pinning: contamination at the gas-liquid interface can lower surface tension, and dynamic gas influx near the contact line can help, yet the currently dominant explanation in the literature is the combined pinning-plus-oversaturation picture.

Load-bearing premise

The whole explanation assumes that the objects seen in the experiments really are gas bubbles with a well-defined three-phase line that can be pinned; the review itself notes that silicone contamination from disposable needles can create nanobubble-like objects and that AFM tips deform the bubbles and change their apparent shape.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Pinning sites set the bubble footprint, so engineered roughness or chemical patterning should control where nanobubbles form and how long they survive.
  • Long-lived nanobubbles should exist even in undersaturated liquids as long as the contact line is pinned, matching experiments in open systems cited by the review.
  • Pinned contact lines should suppress diffusive coarsening between neighbours, explaining why bubbles of different curvatures can coexist in a population.
  • The force needed to detach or dissolve a nanobubble is finite and measurable, about $0.1\,\mu\mathrm{N}$ in the cited optical-pulling experiment, so removal is an unpinning event.
  • Any process that depins the line, such as surfactant adsorption, should trigger rapid dissolution; the review's simulations show surfactants destabilise nanobubbles this way.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Editorial inference: if pinning dominates stability, then observations that do not confirm the gas phase chemically could be contaminated or deformed objects; the stability literature gains most from non-invasive methods that measure gas density and contact-line position together.
  • Editorial inference: simulations cited in the review that produce stable nanobubbles without pinning suggest pinning is sufficient but not strictly necessary; a testable extension is that a dense gas adsorption layer on a hydrophobic substrate can substitute for pinning over short times.
  • Editorial inference: if pinning is first-order, then substrate preparation and cleanliness should be treated as control variables in applications; comparisons that ignore them may attribute differences in bubble behaviour to liquid physics when they come from substrate history.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

0 major / 5 minor

Summary. This review article surveys the surface-nanobubble literature across theory, molecular simulation, and experiment. It describes the main experimental and computational methods, the morphological and mechanical properties of surface nanobubbles, formation protocols (solvent exchange, temperature difference, electrochemical generation), and the principal stabilization mechanisms proposed in the literature. The central claim is that contact-line pinning combined with gas oversaturation is currently the dominant explanation for the high stability of surface nanobubbles, with hydrophobicity and other factors playing secondary roles. The paper closes with a short perspectives section identifying needs for non-intrusive high-resolution techniques and more diverse substrate studies.

Significance. The review is a useful and generally balanced consolidation of a large and active field. Its main strength is breadth combined with explicit methodological caveats: it repeatedly notes the invasive nature of AFM, the dependence of measured sizes and shapes on tip properties and imaging modes, and the risk that PDMS contamination can create nanobubble-like objects. It also incorporates recent work on electrochemically generated nanobubbles and all-atom molecular dynamics, including the unpinned stable nanobubbles of Ref. 80. The claim that contact-line pinning is the 'currently dominant explanation' is framed as an attribution of the literature consensus rather than as a new proof, and it is backed by multiple independent experimental and theoretical citations. Because the review reports countervailing evidence rather than suppressing it, the consensus statement is credible. The paper's value is synthetic and didactic rather than adjudicative; if the consensus attribution is accurate, it provides a reliable entry point to the field.

minor comments (5)
  1. [Section 2.1] In the paragraph on contamination theory, the sentence '...a higher diffusion of gas outside NBs, which would lead to a higher stability' is self-contradictory: higher outward gas diffusion would shorten the bubble lifetime. Please reword the statement to reflect the intended stabilization mechanism (e.g., reduced surface tension and lower Laplace pressure, or reduced interfacial gas transfer).
  2. [Section 5 (see also Section 2.2)] The statement in Section 5 that pinning is strictly required in Tan et al.'s model should be reconciled with the all-atom MD result reported in Section 2.2 (Ref. 80), where stable nanobubbles are obtained without three-phase pinning sites. A single clarifying sentence noting that the consensus claim refers to the majority of experimental and theoretical studies, not to every simulation, would remove the apparent contradiction.
  3. [Section 4] The sentence 'The advantage of this approach is that any other contamination is generally avoided' is too strong in view of the later statement, supported by Ref. 138, that AFM has imaged organic pollutants introduced by the alcohol in the solvent-exchange method. Please qualify the claimed advantage.
  4. [Throughout] Please fix typographical and grammatical errors, including 'Harvei nuclei' (should be 'Harvey nuclei'), 'numeical' (numerical), 'atomic stops' (atomic steps), 'an dodecyltrichlorosilane' (a dodecyltrichlorosilane), and the inconsistent spelling 'Tyrell'/'Tyrrell'. In addition, Refs. 70 and 71 appear to refer to the same paper twice and should be consolidated or disambiguated.
  5. [Reference list] Please check reference formatting and completeness: 'Journal of American Chemical Society' should be 'Journal of the American Chemical Society', capitalization in 'Journal of colloid and Interface science' should be standardized, and several in-press references (e.g., Refs. 76, 79, 84) need page numbers or article identifiers.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the review's central claim is an explicitly framed consensus attribution, not a derived result, and its own simulation work is corroborated by independent experiment.

full rationale

This is a review article, not a derivation, and the central claim in Section 5 is explicitly presented as an attribution of consensus: 'the currently dominant explanation in the literature for the high stability of surface NBs is the combined effect of contact line pinning and gas oversaturation.' The paper makes no new predictions and fits no parameters, so there is no fitted input being renamed as prediction and no equation that reduces to its own input. The authors do cite their own prior work (Refs. 68 and 78), but these citations are not load-bearing: Ref. 68 is used to report an MD-derived density that is independently validated by experiment, and to note that simulations on ideal substrates saw bubbles dissolve, which is consistent with, not constitutive of, the pinning hypothesis. The review repeatedly documents contrary evidence, including PDMS contamination creating nanobubble-like objects (Ref. 101), AFM tip effects (Refs. 97, 102), and MD simulations obtaining stable nanobubbles without pinning (Ref. 80). Because the central claim is a consensus statement supported by many independent experimental and theoretical studies, and because the authors' own contributions are auxiliary rather than definitional, there is no circularity.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The review uses no free parameters and introduces no new entities. Its assumptions are the reliability of the cited literature, the classical theory of bubble dissolution, and the theoretical validity of the pinning mechanism as established in prior work.

assumptions (3)
  • domain assumption The cited experimental and simulation results on surface nanobubbles are accurately reported in the primary literature.
    The review is a synthesis of published work; it does not reanalyze raw data. Its conclusions inherit the correctness of the underlying measurements and simulations. The review itself notes contamination and AFM artifacts (Sec. 2.3), so this assumption is partially qualified.
  • domain assumption The classical Epstein-Plesset and Laplace-pressure framework is the correct baseline for predicting the lifetime of a gas bubble in a liquid.
    The existence of the stability puzzle depends on this classical theory predicting microsecond lifetimes for nanoscale bubbles, as stated in Sec. 1 and Sec. 2.1.
  • domain assumption Contact-line pinning combined with gas oversaturation is a sufficient mechanism to stabilize surface nanobubbles.
    The review's main conclusion rests on theoretical models (Refs. 54, 55, 67) and simulations that establish this mechanism; the review does not derive it from first principles.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Surface Nanobubbles: Theory, Simulation, and Experiment. A Review." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/HGIAOEKW

@misc{pith2026190902658,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Surface Nanobubbles: Theory, Simulation, and Experiment. A Review},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/HGIAOEKW}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:1909.02658}
}
read the original abstract

Surface nanobubbles (NBs) are stable gaseous phases in liquids that form at the interface with solid substrates. They have been particularly intriguing for their high stability that contradicts theoretical expectations and their potential relevance for many technological applications. Here, we present the current state of the art in this research area by discussing and contrasting main results obtained from theory, simulation and experiment, and presenting their limitations. We also provide future perspectives anticipating that this review will stimulate further studies in the research area of surface NBs.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 1909.02658 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Surface nanobubbles. (A) Nanobubbles on an HOPG surface immersed in water. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p050_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Schematic representation of main theories explaining the stability of nanobubbles. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p050_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. MD simulation based on LJ potentials (all-atom and CG models). (A) LJ potential [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p051_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (3 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Main experimental methods for NBs imaging: (A) Schematic illustration of TM [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p052_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Formation of nanobubbles in experiment using the solvent exchange method. This [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p053_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Contact line pinning. Morphology of surface NBs obtained from AFM and their [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p053_6.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

165 extracted references · 116 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Lohse, X

    D. Lohse, X. Zhang, Surface nanobubbles and nanodroplets, Reviews of Modern Physics 87 (3) (2015) 981–1035. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.87. 981

    work page doi:10.1103/revmodphys.87 2015

  2. [2]

    H. Peng, G. Birkett, A. Nguyen, Progress on the surface nanobubble story: What is in the bubble? why does it exist?, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 222 (2015) 573–580. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2014.09.004. 29

    work page doi:10.1016/j.cis.2014.09.004 2015

  3. [3]

    Alheshibri, J

    M. Alheshibri, J. Qian, M. Jehannin, V. S. J. Craig, A history of nanobubbles, Langmuir 32 (43) (2016) 11086–11100. doi:10.1021/acs. langmuir.6b02489

    doi:10.1021/acs 2016

  4. [4]

    V. S. J. Craig, Very small bubbles at surfaces-the nanobubble puzzle, Soft Matter 7 (2011) 40–48. doi:10.1039/C0SM00558D

    work page doi:10.1039/c0sm00558d 2011

  5. [5]

    J. L. Parker, P. M. Claesson, P. Attard, Bubbles, cavities, and the long- ranged attraction between hydrophobic surfaces., The Journal of Physical Chemistry 98 (34) (1994) 8468–8480. doi:10.1021/j100085a029

    work page doi:10.1021/j100085a029 1994

  6. [6]

    Carambassis, L

    A. Carambassis, L. C. Jonker, P. Attard, M. W. Rutland, Forces mea- sured between hydrophobic surfaces due to a submicroscopic bridging bubble, Physical Review Letters 80 (1998) 5357–5360. doi:10.1103/ PhysRevLett.80.5357

    1998

  7. [7]

    W. Gong, J. Stearnes, D. Fornasiero, R. A. Hayes, J. Ralston, The in- fluence of dissolved gas on the interactions between surfaces of different hydrophobicity in aqueous media Part II. A spectroscopic study, Phys- ical Chemistry Chemical Physics 1 (1999) 2799–2803. doi:10.1039/ A900977I

    1999

  8. [8]

    G. E. Yakubov, H.-J. Butt, O. I. Vinogradova, Interaction forces between hydrophobic surfaces. attractive jump as an indication of formation of stable submicrocavities, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 104 (15) (2000) 3407–3410. doi:10.1021/jp000445+

    work page doi:10.1021/jp000445 2000

Show all 165 references
  1. [9]

    Lou, Z.-Q

    S.-T. Lou, Z.-Q. Ouyang, Y. Zhang, X.-J. Li, J. Hu, M.-Q. Li, F.-J. Yang, Nanobubbles on solid surface imaged by atomic force microscopy, Jour- nal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 18 (5) (2000) 2573–

    2000

  2. [10]

    Ishida, T

    N. Ishida, T. Inoue, M. Miyahara, K. Higashitani, Nano bubbles on a 30 hydrophobic surface in water observed by tapping-mode atomic force mi- croscopy, Langmuir 16 (16) (2000) 6377–6380. doi:10.1021/la000219r

    2000 doi

  3. [11]

    S. Lou, J. Gao, X. Xiao, X. Li, G. Li, Y. Zhang, M. Li, J. Sun, X. Li, J. Hu, Studies of nanobubbles produced at liquid/solid interfaces, Materials Characterization 48 (2) (2002) 211 – 214. doi:10.1016/S1044-5803(02) 00241-3

    2002 doi

  4. [12]

    J. W. G. Tyrrell, P. Attard, Images of nanobubbles on hydrophobic sur- faces and their interactions, Physical Review Letters 87 (2001) 176104. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.176104

    2001 doi

  5. [13]

    J. Yang, J. Duan, D. Fornasiero, J. Ralston, Very small bubble formation at the solidwater interface, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 107 (25) (2003) 6139–6147. doi:10.1021/jp0224113

    2003 doi

  6. [14]

    A. C. Simonsen, P. L. Hansen, B. Kl¨ osgen, Nanobubbles give evidence of incomplete wetting at a hydrophobic interface, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 273 (2004) 291–299. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2003.12. 035

    2004 doi

  7. [15]

    X. H. Zhang, X. D. Zhang, S. T. Lou, Z. X. Zhang, J. L. Sun, J. Hu, Degassing and temperature effects on the formation of nanobubbles at the mica/water interface, Langmuir 20 (9) (2004) 3813–3815. doi:10. 1021/la0364542

    2004

  8. [16]

    P. S. Epstein, M. S. Plesset, On the stability of gas bubbles in liquid– gas solutions, The Journal of Chemical Physics 18 (11) (1950) 1505–1509. doi:10.1063/1.1747520

    1950 doi

  9. [17]

    Ball, Chemical physics: How to keep dry in water, Nature 423 (6935) (2003) 25–26

    P. Ball, Chemical physics: How to keep dry in water, Nature 423 (6935) (2003) 25–26. doi:10.1038/423025a

    2003 doi

  10. [18]

    X. H. Zhang, N. Maeda, J. Hu, Thermodynamic stability of interfacial gaseous states, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 112 (44) (2008) 13671–13675, pMID: 18842008. doi:10.1021/jp807515f. 31

    2008 doi

  11. [19]

    R. P. Berkelaar, H. J. W. Zandvliet, D. Lohse, Covering surface nanobub- bles with a NaCl nanoblanket, Langmuir 29 (36) (2013) 11337–11343. doi:10.1021/la402503f

    2013 doi

  12. [20]

    Holmberg, A

    M. Holmberg, A. Khle, , K. A. Mørch, A. Boisen, Nanobubble trouble on gold surfaces, Langmuir 19 (25) (2003) 10510–10513. doi:10.1021/ la0352669

    2003

  13. [21]

    X. H. Zhang, Z. H. Wu, X. D. Zhang, G. Li, J. Hu, Nanobubbles at the interface of HOPG and ethanol solution, International Journal of Nanoscience 04 (03) (2005) 399–407. doi:10.1142/S0219581X05003152

    2005 doi

  14. [22]

    M. A. Hampton, B. C. Donose, A. V. Nguyen, Effect of alcohol-water exchange and surface scanning on nanobubbles and the attraction between hydrophobic surfaces, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 325 (1) (2008) 267 – 274. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2008.05.044

    2008 doi

  15. [23]

    X. H. Zhang, A. Khan, W. A. Ducker, A nanoscale gas state, Physical Re- view Letters 98 (2007) 136101. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.136101

    2007 doi

  16. [24]

    X. H. Zhang, A. Quinn, W. A. Ducker, Nanobubbles at the interface between water and a hydrophobic solid, Langmuir 24 (9) (2008) 4756–

    2008

  17. [25]

    H. Seo, M. Yoo, S. Jeon, Influence of nanobubbles on the adsorption of nanoparticles, Langmuir 23 (4) (2007) 1623–1625. doi:10.1021/ la062763r

    2007

  18. [26]

    X. H. Zhang, Quartz crystal microbalance study of the interfacial nanobubbles, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 10 (2008) 6842–6848. doi:10.1039/B810587A

    2008 doi

  19. [27]

    Martinez, P

    J. Martinez, P. Stroeve, Transient behavior of the hydrophobic sur- face/water interface: from nanobubbles to organic layer, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 111 (51) (2007) 14069–14072. doi:10.1021/ jp077110d. 32

    2007

  20. [28]

    Steitz, T

    R. Steitz, T. Gutberlet, T. Hauss, B. Klsgen, R. Krastev, S. Schemmel, A. C. Simonsen, G. H. Findenegg, Nanobubbles and their precursor layer at the interface of water against a hydrophobic substrate, Langmuir 19 (6) (2003) 2409–2418. doi:10.1021/la026731p

    2003 doi

  21. [29]

    Switkes, J

    M. Switkes, J. W. Ruberti, Rapid cryofixation/freeze fracture for the study of nanobubbles at solid-liquid interfaces, Applied Physics Letters 84 (23) (2004) 4759–4761. doi:10.1063/1.1755837

    2004 doi

  22. [30]

    Zhang, D

    X. Zhang, D. Y. C. Chan, D. Wang, N. Maeda, Stability of interfa- cial nanobubbles, Langmuir 29 (4) (2013) 1017–1023. doi:10.1021/ la303837c

    2013

  23. [31]

    N. Hain, D. Wesner, S. I. Druzhinin, H. Sch¨ onherr, Surface nanobubbles studied by time-resolved fluorescence microscopy methods combined with AFM: the impact of surface treatment on nanobubble nucleation, Lang- muir 32 (43) (2016) 11155–11163. doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01662

    2016 doi

  24. [32]

    Karpitschka, E

    S. Karpitschka, E. Dietrich, J. R. T. Seddon, H. J. W. Zandvliet, D. Lohse, H. Riegler, Nonintrusive optical visualization of surface nanobubbles, Physical Review Letters 109 (2012) 066102. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett. 109.066102

    2012 doi

  25. [33]

    C. U. Chan, C.-D. Ohl, Total-internal-reflection-fluorescence microscopy for the study of nanobubble dynamics, Physical Review Letters 109 (2012) 174501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.174501

    2012 doi

  26. [34]

    C. U. Chan, L. Chen, M. Arora, C. D. Ohl, Collapse of surface nanobub- bles, Physical Review Letters 114 (11) (2015) 1–5. doi:10.1103/ PhysRevLett.114.114505

    2015

  27. [35]

    C. U. Chan, M. Arora, C. D. Ohl, Coalescence, growth, and stability of surface-attached nanobubbles, Langmuir 31 (25) (2015) 7041–7046. doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01599. 33

    2015 doi

  28. [36]

    Hampton, A

    M. Hampton, A. Nguyen, Nanobubbles and the nanobubble bridging cap- illary force, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 154 (1) (2010) 30 – 55. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2010.01.006

    2010 doi

  29. [37]

    D. J. Mastropietro, W. A. Ducker, Forces between hydrophobic solids in concentrated aqueous salt solution, Physical Review Letters 108 (2012) 106101. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.106101

    2012 doi

  30. [38]

    Mishchuk, J

    N. Mishchuk, J. Ralston, D. Fornasiero, Influence of dissolved gas on van der waals forces between bubbles and particles, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 106 (4) (2002) 689–696. doi:10.1021/jp0118221

    2002 doi

  31. [39]

    Calgaroto, K

    S. Calgaroto, K. Wilberg, J. Rubio, On the nanobubbles interfacial prop- erties and future applications in flotation, Minerals Engineering 60 (2014) 33 – 40. doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2014.02.002

    2014 doi

  32. [40]

    Lohse, Bubble puzzles: From fundamentals to applications, Physical Review Fluids 3 (2018) 110504

    D. Lohse, Bubble puzzles: From fundamentals to applications, Physical Review Fluids 3 (2018) 110504. doi:10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3.110504

    2018 doi

  33. [41]

    Kumagai, Y

    I. Kumagai, Y. Takahashi, Y. Murai, Power-saving device for air bubble generation using a hydrofoil to reduce ship drag: Theory experiments, and application to ships, Ocean Engineering 95 (2015) 183–194. doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2014.11.019

    2015 doi

  34. [42]

    L. Chen, D. Rende, L. S. Schadler, R. Ozisik, Polymer nanocomposite foams, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1 (2013) 3837–3850. doi:10. 1039/C2TA00086E

    2013

  35. [43]

    S. Liu, J. Duvigneau, G. J. Vancso, Nanocellular polymer foams as promising high performance thermal insulation materials, European Poly- mer Journal 65 (2015) 33 – 45, 50 Years of European Polymer Journal. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.01.039

    2015 doi

  36. [44]

    Huang, J

    C. Huang, J. Jiang, M. Lu, L. Sun, E. I. Meletis, Y. Hao, Capturing electrochemically evolved nanobubbles by electroless deposition. a facile 34 route to the synthesis of hollow nanoparticles, Nano Letters 9 (12) (2009) 4297–4301. doi:10.1021/nl902529y

    2009 doi

  37. [45]

    Hammadi, R

    Z. Hammadi, R. Morin, J. Olives, Field nano-localization of gas bub- ble production from water electrolysis, Applied Physics Letters 103 (22) (2013) 223106. doi:10.1063/1.4836095

    2013 doi

  38. [46]

    Lukianova-Hleb, Y

    E. Lukianova-Hleb, Y. Hu, L. Latterini, L. Tarpani, S. Lee, R. A. Drezek, J. H. Hafner, D. O. Lapotko, Plasmonic nanobubbles as transient vapor nanobubbles generated around plasmonic nanoparticles, ACS Nano 4 (4) (2010) 2109–2123. doi:10.1021/nn1000222

    2010 doi

  39. [47]

    J. Zou, H. Zhang, Z. Guo, Y. Liu, J. Wei, Y. Huang, X. Zhang, Sur- face nanobubbles nucleate liquid boiling, Langmuir 34 (46) (2018) 14096– 14101. doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03290

    2018 doi

  40. [48]

    F. Hui, B. Li, P. He, J. Hu, Y. Fang, Electrochemical fabrication of nanoporous polypyrrole film on HOPG using nanobubbles as templates, Electrochemistry Communications 11 (3) (2009) 639 – 642. doi:10.1016/ j.elecom.2008.12.051

    2009

  41. [49]

    Ljunggren, J

    S. Ljunggren, J. C. Eriksson, The lifetime of a colloid-sized gas bubble in water and the cause of the hydrophobic attraction, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 129 (1997) 151 – 155, prof. B. W. Ninham. doi:10.1016/S0927-7757(97)00033-2

    1997 doi

  42. [50]

    W. A. Ducker, Contact angle and stability of interfacial nanobubbles, Langmuir 25 (16) (2009) 8907–8910. doi:10.1021/la902011v

    2009 doi

  43. [51]

    M. P. Brenner, D. Lohse, Dynamic equilibrium mechanism for surface nanobubble stabilization, Physical Review Letters 101 (2008) 214505. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.214505

    2008 doi

  44. [52]

    J. H. Weijs, D. Lohse, Why surface nanobubbles live for hours, Physi- cal Review Letters 110 (2013) 054501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110. 054501. 35

    2013 doi

  45. [53]

    Y. Liu, J. Wang, X. Zhang, W. Wang, Contact line pinning and the re- lationship between nanobubbles and substrates, The Journal of Chemical Physics 140 (5) (2014) 054705. doi:10.1063/1.4863448

    2014 doi

  46. [54]

    Y. Liu, X. Zhang, A unified mechanism for the stability of surface nanobubbles: Contact line pinning and supersaturation, The Journal of Chemical Physics 141 (13) (2014) 134702. doi:10.1063/1.4896937

    2014 doi

  47. [55]

    Lohse, X

    D. Lohse, X. Zhang, Pinning and gas oversaturation imply stable single surface nanobubbles, Physical Review E 91 (2015) 031003. doi:10.1103/ PhysRevE.91.031003

    2015

  48. [56]

    B. H. Tan, H. An, C.-D. Ohl, Stability, dynamics, and tolerance to un- dersaturation of surface nanobubbles, Physical Review Letters 122 (2019) 134502. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.134502

    2019 doi

  49. [57]

    X. Zhu, R. Verzicco, X. Zhang, D. Lohse, Diffusive interaction of multiple surface nanobubbles: shrinkage, growth, and coarsening, Soft Matter 14 (2018) 2006–2014. doi:10.1039/c7sm02523h

    2018 doi

  50. [58]

    S. Das, J. H. Snoeijer, D. Lohse, Effect of impurities in description of surface nanobubbles, Physical Review E 82 (2010) 056310. doi:10.1103/ PhysRevE.82.056310

    2010

  51. [59]

    Das, Effect of impurities in the description of surface nanobubbles: Role of nonidealities in the surface layer, Physical Review E 83 (2011) 066315

    S. Das, Effect of impurities in the description of surface nanobubbles: Role of nonidealities in the surface layer, Physical Review E 83 (2011) 066315. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.83.066315

    2011 doi

  52. [60]

    Zhang, M

    X. Zhang, M. H. Uddin, H. Yang, G. Toikka, W. Ducker, N. Maeda, Effects of surfactants on the formation and the stability of interfacial nanobub- bles, Langmuir 28 (28) (2012) 10471–10477. doi:10.1021/la301851g

    2012 doi

  53. [61]

    S. M. Dammer, D. Lohse, Gas enrichment at liquid-wall interfaces, Phys- ical Review Letters 96 (2006) 206101. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96. 206101. 36

    2006 doi

  54. [62]

    J. R. T. Seddon, H. J. W. Zandvliet, D. Lohse, Knudsen gas provides nanobubble stability, Physical Review Letters 107 (2011) 116101. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.116101

    2011 doi

  55. [63]

    J. R. T. Seddon, E. S. Kooij, B. Poelsema, H. J. W. Zandvliet, D. Lohse, Surface bubble nucleation stability, Physical Review Letters 106 (2011) 056101. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.056101

    2011 doi

  56. [64]

    N. D. Petsev, M. S. Shell, L. G. Leal, Dynamic equilibrium explanation for nanobubbles’ unusual temperature and saturation dependence, Physical Review E 88 (2013) 010402. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.88.010402

    2013 doi

  57. [65]

    Kameda, S

    N. Kameda, S. Nakabayashi, Size-induced sign inversion of line tension in nanobubbles at a solid/liquid interface, Chemical Physics Letters 461 (1) (2008) 122 – 126. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2008.07.012

    2008 doi

  58. [66]

    Kameda, N

    N. Kameda, N. Sogoshi, S. Nakabayashi, Nitrogen nanobubbles and bu- tane nanodroplets at Si(100), Surface Science 602 (8) (2008) 1579 – 1584. doi:10.1016/j.susc.2008.02.023

    2008 doi

  59. [67]

    Y. Liu, X. Zhang, Nanobubble stability induced by contact line pinning, The Journal of Chemical Physics 138 (1) (2013) 014706. doi:10.1063/ 1.4773249

    2013

  60. [68]

    Z. Che, P. E. Theodorakis, Formation, dissolution and properties of sur- face nanobubbles, Journal of colloid and interface science 487 (2017) 123–

    2017

  61. [69]

    J. H. Weijs, J. R. T. Seddon, D. Lohse, Diffusive shielding stabilizes bulk nanobubble clusters, ChemPhysChem 13 (8) (2012) 2197–2204. doi:10. 1002/cphc.201100807

    2012

  62. [70]

    J. H. Weijs, J. H. Snoeijer, D. Lohse, Formation of surface nanobub- bles and the universality of their contact angles: A molecular dynamics approach, Physical Review Letters 108 (2012) 104501. doi:10.1103/ PhysRevLett.108.104501. 37

    2012

  63. [71]

    J. H. Weijs, J. H. Snoeijer, D. Lohse, Surface nanobubbles: Formation and universality of the contact angle, Physical Review Letters 108 (2012) 104501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.104501

    2012 doi

  64. [72]

    Maheshwari, M

    S. Maheshwari, M. Van Der Hoef, X. Zhang, D. Lohse, Stability of sur- face nanobubbles: A molecular dynamics study, Langmuir 32 (43) (2016) 11116–11122. doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00963

    2016 doi

  65. [73]

    Maheshwari, M

    S. Maheshwari, M. van der Hoef, J. Rodr´ ıguez Rodrguez, D. Lohse, Leak- iness of pinned neighboring surface nanobubbles induced by strong gas- surface interaction, ACS Nano 12 (3) (2018) 2603–2609. doi:10.1021/ acsnano.7b08614

    2018

  66. [74]

    Li, S.-P

    C. Li, S.-P. Wang, A.-M. Zhang, Y. Liu, Dynamic behavior of two neigh- boring nanobubbles induced by various gas-liquid-solid interactions, Phys- ical Review Fluids 3 (2018) 123604. doi:10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3. 123604

    2018 doi

  67. [75]

    Hong, S.-H

    S.-N. Hong, S.-H. Choe, U.-G. Jong, M.-S. Pak, C.-J. Yu, The maximum interbubble distance in relation to the radius of spherical stable nanobub- ble in liquid water: A molecular dynamics study, Fluid Phase Equilibria 487 (2019) 45–51. doi:10.1016/j.fluid.2019.01.014

    2019 doi

  68. [76]

    S. Wang, L. Zhou, X. Wang, C. Wang, Y. Dong, Y. Zhang, Y. Gao, L. Zhang, J. Hu, Force spectroscopy revealed a high-gas-density state near the graphite substrate inside surface nanobubbles, Langmuir doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03383

    doi

  69. [77]

    Zhang, X

    H. Zhang, X. Zhang, Size dependence of bubble wetting on surfaces: breakdown of contact angle match between small sized bubbles and droplets, Nanoscale 11 (2019) 2823–2828. doi:10.1039/c8nr08929a

    2019 doi

  70. [78]

    P. E. Theodorakis, E. A. M¨ uller, R. V. Craster, O. K. Matar, Modelling the superspreading of surfactant-laden droplets with computer simulation, Soft Matter 11 (2015) 9254–9261. doi:10.1039/c5sm02090E. 38

    2015 doi

  71. [79]

    Dockar, M

    D. Dockar, M. K. Borg, J. M. Reese, Mechanical stability of surface nanobubbles, Langmuirdoi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02887

    doi

  72. [80]

    Chen, Y.-L

    Y.-X. Chen, Y.-L. Chen, T.-H. Yen, Investigating interfacial effects on sur- face nanobubbles without pinning using molecular dynamics simulation, Langmuir 34 (2018) 15360–15369. doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03016

    2018 doi

  73. [81]

    Koishi, S

    T. Koishi, S. Yoo, K. Yasuoka, X. C. Zeng, T. Narumi, R. Susukita, A. Kawai, H. Furusawa, A. Suenaga, N. Okimoto, N. Futatsugi, T. Ebisuzaki, Nanoscale hydrophobic interaction and nanobubble nu- cleation, Physical Review Letters 93 (2004) 185701. doi:10.1103/ PhysRevLett.93.185701

    2004

  74. [82]

    Q. Xiao, Y. Liu, Z. Guo, Z. Liu, D. Lohse, X. Zhang, Solvent exchange leading to nanobubble nucleation: A molecular dynamics study, Langmuir 33 (32) (2017) 8090–8096. doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01231

    2017 doi

  75. [83]

    Q. Xiao, Y. Liu, Z. Guo, Z. Liu, X. Zhang, How nanobubbles lose stability: Effects of surfactants, Applied Physics Letters 111 (13) (2017) 131601. doi:10.1063/1.5000831

    2017 doi

  76. [85]

    C. J. Wu, K. C. Chu, Y. J. Sheng, H. K. Tsao, Sliding dynamic behavior of a nanobubble on a surface, Journal of Physical Chemistry C 121 (33) (2017) 17932–17940. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b04924

    2017 doi

  77. [86]

    F. Jin, J. Li, X. Ye, C. Wu, Effects of pH and ionic strength on the stability of nanobubbles in aqueous solutions of α-Cyclodextrin, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 111 (40) (2007) 11745–11749. doi: 10.1021/jp074260f. 39

    2007 doi

  78. [87]

    Duval, S

    E. Duval, S. Adichtchev, S. Sirotkin, A. Mermet, Long-lived submicromet- ric bubbles in very diluted alkali halide water solutions, Physical Chem- istry Chemical Physics 14 (2012) 4125–4132. doi:10.1039/C2CP22858K

    2012 doi

  79. [88]

    Attard, M

    P. Attard, M. P. Moody, J. W. Tyrrell, Nanobubbles: the big picture, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 314 (1) (2002) 696 – 705, horizons in Complex Systems. doi:10.1016/S0378-4371(02) 01191-3

    2002 doi

  80. [89]

    J. W. G. Tyrrell, P. Attard, Atomic force microscope images of nanobub- bles on a hydrophobic surface and corresponding force-separation data, Langmuir 18 (1) (2002) 160–167. doi:10.1021/la0111957

    2002 doi

  81. [90]

    X. H. Zhang, N. Maeda, V. S. J. Craig, Physical properties of nanobubbles on hydrophobic surfaces in water and aqueous solutions, Langmuir 22 (11) (2006) 5025–5035. doi:10.1021/la0601814

    2006 doi

  82. [91]

    Bhushan, Y

    B. Bhushan, Y. Wang, A. Maali, Coalescence and movement of nanobub- bles studied with tapping mode AFM and tip-bubble interaction anal- ysis, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 20 (48) (2008) 485004. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/20/48/485004

    2008 doi

  83. [92]

    Y. Wang, B. Bhushan, X. Zhao, Nanoindents produced by nanobubbles on ultrathin polystyrene films in water, Nanotechnology 20 (4) (2009) 045301. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/20/4/045301

    2009 doi

  84. [93]

    Mazumder, B

    M. Mazumder, B. Bhushan, Propensity and geometrical distribution of surface nanobubbles: effect of electrolyte, roughness, ph, and substrate bias, Soft Matter 7 (2011) 9184–9196. doi:10.1039/C1SM05560G

    2011 doi

  85. [94]

    D. Li, D. Jing, Y. Pan, W. Wang, X. Zhao, Coalescence and stability anal- ysis of surface nanobubbles on the polystyrene/water interface, Langmuir 30 (21) (2014) 6079–6088. doi:10.1021/la501262a. 40

    2014 doi

  86. [95]

    B. Song, Y. Zhou, H. Sch¨ onherr, Optimized model surfaces for advanced atomic force microscopy studies of surface nanobubbles, Langmuir 32 (43) (2016) 11179–11187. doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01776

    2016 doi

  87. [96]

    B. Song, W. Walczyk, H. Sch¨ onherr, Contact angles of surface nanobub- bles on mixed self-assembled monolayers with systematically varied macro- scopic wettability by atomic force microscopy, Langmuir 27 (13) (2011) 8223–8232. doi:10.1021/la2014896

    2011 doi

  88. [97]

    Walczyk, P

    W. Walczyk, P. M. Schn, H. Sch¨ onherr, The effect of peakforce tap- ping mode AFM imaging on the apparent shape of surface nanobub- bles, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 25 (18) (2013) 184005. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/25/18/184005

    2013 doi

  89. [98]

    B. Zhao, Y. Song, S. Wang, B. Dai, L. Zhang, Y. Dong, J. Lu, J. Hu, Me- chanical mapping of nanobubbles by peakforce atomic force microscopy, Soft Matter 9 (2013) 8837–8843. doi:10.1039/C3SM50942G

    2013 doi

  90. [99]

    B. M. Borkent, S. de Beer, F. Mugele, D. Lohse, On the shape of surface nanobubbles, Langmuir 26 (1) (2010) 260–268. doi:10.1021/la902121x

    2010 doi

  91. [100]

    H. An, G. Liu, V. Craig, Wetting of nanophases: Nanobubbles, nan- odroplets and micropancakes on hydrophobic surfaces, Advances in Col- loid and Interface Science 222 (2015) 9–17. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2014. 07.008

    2015 doi

  92. [101]

    R. P. Berkelaar, E. Dietrich, G. A. M. Kip, E. S. Kooij, H. J. W. Zandvliet, D. Lohse, Exposing nanobubble-like objects to a degassed environment, Soft Matter 10 (2014) 4947–4955. doi:10.1039/C4SM00316K

    2014 doi

  93. [102]

    Walczyk, N

    W. Walczyk, N. Hain, H. Schonherr, Hydrodynamic effects of the tip movement on surface nanobubbles: a combined tapping mode, lift mode and force volume mode AFM study, Soft Matter 10 (2014) 5945–5954. doi:10.1039/C4SM01024H. 41

    2014 doi

  94. [103]

    Walczyk, H

    W. Walczyk, H. Sch¨ onherr, Dimensions and the profile of surface nanobub- bles: Tip-nanobubble interactions and nanobubble deformation in atomic force microscopy, Langmuir 30 (40) (2014) 11955–11965. doi:10.1021/ la502918u

    2014

  95. [104]

    Y. Wang, X. Luo, W. Qin, F. Jiao, New insights into the contact angle and formation process of nanobubbles based on line tension and pinning, Applied Surface Science 481 (2019) 1585–1594. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc. 2019.01.292

    2019 doi

  96. [105]

    S. R. German, X. Wu, H. An, V. S. J. Craig, T. L. Mega, X. Zhang, Interfacial nanobubbles are leaky: Permeability of the gas/water interface, ACS Nano 8 (6) (2014) 6193–6201. doi:10.1021/nn5016049

    2014 doi

  97. [106]

    Zhang, H

    X. Zhang, H. Lhuissier, C. Sun, D. Lohse, Surface nanobubbles nucleate microdroplets, Physical Review Letters 112 (2014) 144503. doi:10.1103/ PhysRevLett.112.144503

    2014

  98. [107]

    Y. Liu, S. J. Dillon, In situ observation of electrolytic H2 evolution ad- jacent to gold cathodes, Chemical Communications 50 (2014) 1761–1763. doi:10.1039/C3CC46737F

    2014 doi

  99. [108]

    Huang, S.-Y

    T.-W. Huang, S.-Y. Liu, Y.-J. Chuang, H.-Y. Hsieh, C.-Y. Tsai, W.-J. Wu, C.-T. Tsai, U. Mirsaidov, P. Matsudaira, C.-S. Chang, F.-G. Tseng, F.-R. Chen, Dynamics of hydrogen nanobubbles in KLH protein solution studied with in situ wet-TEM, Soft Matter 9 (2013) 8856–8861. doi: 1...

    2013 doi

  100. [109]

    D. Shin, J. B. Park, Y.-J. Kim, S. J. Kim, J. H. Kang, B. Lee, S.-P. Cho, B. H. Hong, K. S. Novoselov, Growth dynamics and gas transport mech- anism of nanobubbles in graphene liquid cells, Nature Communications 6 (2015) 6068. doi:10.1038/ncomms7068

    2015 doi

  101. [110]

    J. M. Grogan, N. M. Schneider, F. M. Ross, H. H. Bau, Bubble and 42 pattern formation in liquid induced by an electron beam, Nano Letters 14 (1) (2014) 359–364. doi:10.1021/nl404169a

    2014 doi

  102. [111]

    J. Yang, J. Duan, D. Fornasiero, J. Ralston, Kinetics of CO2 nanobub- ble formation at the solid/water interface, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 9 (2007) 6327–6332. doi:10.1039/B709624K

    2007 doi

  103. [112]

    G. Liu, Z. Wu, V. S. J. Craig, Cleaning of protein-coated surfaces using nanobubbles: An investigation using a quartz crystal microbalance, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112 (43) (2008) 16748–16753. doi:10. 1021/jp805143c

    2008

  104. [113]

    L. A. Palmer, D. Cookson, R. N. Lamb, The relationship between nanobubbles and the hydrophobic force, Langmuir 27 (1) (2011) 144–147. doi:10.1021/la1029678

    2011 doi

  105. [114]

    Schwendel, T

    D. Schwendel, T. Hayashi, R. Dahint, A. Pertsin, M. Grunze, R. Steitz, F. Schreiber, Interaction of water with self-assembled monolayers: neu- tron reflectivity measurements of the water density in the interface region, Langmuir 19 (6) (2003) 2284–2293. doi:10.1021/la026716k

    2003 doi

  106. [115]

    Zhang, X

    L. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, J. Hu, H. Fang, The length scales for stable gas nanobubbles at liquid/solid surfaces, Soft Matter 6 (2010) 4515–4519. doi:10.1039/C0SM00243G

    2010 doi

  107. [116]

    Zhang, J

    X. Zhang, J. Ren, H. Yang, Y. He, J. Tan, G. G. Qiao, From transient nanodroplets to permanent nanolenses, Soft Matter 8 (2012) 4314–4317. doi:10.1039/C2SM07267J

    2012 doi

  108. [117]

    Boruvka, A

    L. Boruvka, A. W. Neumann, Generalization of the classical theory of capillarity, The Journal of Chemical Physics 66 (12) (1977) 5464–5476. doi:10.1063/1.433866

    1977 doi

  109. [118]

    P. G. de Gennes, Wetting: statics and dynamics, Reviews of Modern Physics 57 (1985) 827–863. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.57.827. 43

    1985 doi

  110. [119]

    P. G. de Gennes, On fluid/wall slippage, Langmuir 18 (9) (2002) 3413–

    2002

  111. [120]

    Amirfazli, A

    A. Amirfazli, A. W. Neumann, Status of the three-phase line tension, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 110 (3) (2004) 121–141. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2004.05.001

    2004 doi

  112. [121]

    Pompe, S

    T. Pompe, S. Herminghaus, Three-phase contact line energetics from nanoscale liquid surface topographies, Physical Review Letters 85 (2000) 1930–1933. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.1930

    2000 doi

  113. [122]

    Pompe, A

    T. Pompe, A. fery, S. Herminghaus, Measurement of contact line ten- sion by analysis of the three-phase boundary with nanometer resolu- tion, Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 13 (1999) 1155–1164. doi:10.1163/156856199X00848

    1999 doi

  114. [123]

    Zhang, P

    J. Zhang, P. Wang, M. Borg, J. M. Reese, D. Wen, A critical assessment of the line tension determined by the modified youngs equation, Physics of Fluids 30 (8) (2018) 082003. doi:10.1063/1.5040574

    2018 doi

  115. [124]

    Fernandez-Toledano, T

    J.-C. Fernandez-Toledano, T. Blake, P. Lambert, J. De Coninck, On the cohesion of fluids and their adhesion to solids: Young’s equation at the atomic scale, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 245 (2017) 102–

    2017

  116. [125]

    R. Good, M. Koo, The effect of drop size on contact angle, Jour- nal of Colloid Interface Science 71 (2) (1979) 283–292. doi:10.1016/ 0021-9797(79)90239-X

    1979

  117. [126]

    J. H. Weijs, A. Marchand, B. Andreotti, D. Lohse, J. H. Snoeijer, Origin of line tension for a lennard-jones nanodroplet, Physics of Fluids 23 (2) (2011) 022001. doi:10.1063/1.3546008

    2011 doi

  118. [127]

    C. Xu, S. Peng, G. G. Qiao, V. Gutowski, D. Lohse, X. Zhang, Nanobubble formation on a warmer substrate, Soft Matter 10 (2014) 7857–7864. doi: 10.1039/C4SM01025F. 44

    2014 doi

  119. [128]

    B. M. Borkent, S. M. Dammer, H. Sch¨ onherr, G. J. Vancso, D. Lohse, Superstability of surface nanobubbles, Physical Review Letters 98 (2007) 204502. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.204502

    2007 doi

  120. [129]

    doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2016.10.027

    2016 doi

  121. [130]

    doi:10.1016/j.cis.2017.03.006

    2017 doi

  122. [131]

    M. A. J. van Limbeek, J. R. T. Seddon, Surface nanobubbles as a func- tion of gas type, Langmuir 27 (14) (2011) 8694–8699. doi:10.1021/ la2005387

    2011

  123. [132]

    S. Peng, T. L. Mega, X. Zhang, Collective effects in microbubble growth by solvent exchange, Langmuir 32 (43) (2016) 11265–11272. doi:10.1021/ acs.langmuir.6b02066

    2016

  124. [133]

    S. Yang, S. M. Dammer, N. Bremond, H. J. W. Zandvliet, E. S. Kooij, D. Lohse, Characterization of nanobubbles on hydrophobic surfaces in water, Langmuir 23 (13) (2007) 7072–7077. doi:10.1021/la070004i

    2007 doi

  125. [134]

    R. P. Berkelaar, J. R. T. Seddon, H. J. W. Zandvliet, D. Lohse, Temper- ature dependence of surface nanobubbles, ChemPhysChem 13 (8) (2012) 2213–2217. doi:10.1002/cphc.201100808

    2012 doi

  126. [135]

    Agrawal, J

    A. Agrawal, J. Park, D. Y. Ryu, P. T. Hammond, T. P. Russell, G. H. McKinley, Controlling the location and spatial extent of nanobubbles us- ing hydrophobically nanopatterned surfaces, Nano Letters 5 (9) (2005) 1751–1756. doi:10.1021/nl051103o

    2005 doi

  127. [136]

    Zhang, N

    X. Zhang, N. Maeda, Interfacial gaseous states on crystalline surfaces, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115 (3) (2011) 736–743. doi:10. 1021/jp1097734

    2011

  128. [137]

    Zhang, H

    X. Zhang, H. Lhuissier, O. R. Enrquez, C. Sun, D. Lohse, Deactivation of microbubble nucleation sites by alcohol-water exchange, Langmuir 29 (32) (2013) 9979–9984. doi:10.1021/la402015q

    2013 doi

  129. [138]

    M. Guan, W. Guo, L. Gao, Y. Tang, J. Hu, Y. Dong, Investigation on the temperature difference method for producing nanobubbles and their physical properties, ChemPhysChem 13 (8) (2012) 2115–2118. doi:10. 1002/cphc.201100912

    2012

  130. [139]

    Ishida, Y

    N. Ishida, Y. Kusaka, H. Ushijima, Hydrophobic attraction between silanated silica surfaces in the absence of bridging bubbles, Langmuir 28 (39) (2012) 13952–13959. doi:10.1021/la303037d

    2012 doi

  131. [140]

    Belova, M

    V. Belova, M. Krasowska, D. Wang, J. Ralston, D. G. Shchukin, H. Mo- hwald, Influence of adsorbed gas at liquid/solid interfaces on heteroge- neous cavitation, Chemical Science 4 (2013) 248–256. doi:10.1039/ C2SC21321D. 45

    2013

  132. [141]

    G. Shen, X. H. Zhang, Y. Ming, L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, J. Hu, Photocat- alytic induction of nanobubbles on TiO2 surfaces, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112 (11) (2008) 4029–4032. doi:10.1021/jp711850d

    2008 doi

  133. [142]

    S. Yang, P. Tsai, E. S. Kooij, A. Prosperetti, H. J. W. Zandvliet, D. Lohse, Electrolytically generated nanobubbles on highly orientated pyrolytic graphite surfaces, Langmuir 25 (3) (2009) 1466–1474. doi: 10.1021/la8027513

    2009 doi

  134. [143]

    Zhang, Y

    L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, Z. Li, G. Shen, M. Ye, C. Fan, H. Fang, J. Hu, Electrochemically controlled formation and growth of hydro- gen nanobubbles, Langmuir 22 (19) (2006) 8109–8113. doi:10.1021/ la060859f. 46

    2006

  135. [144]

    W. Guo, H. Shan, M. Guan, L. Gao, M. Liu, Y. Dong, Investigation on nanobubbles on graphite substrate produced by the water-NaCl solution replacement, Surface Science 606 (17) (2012) 1462 – 1466. doi:10.1016/ j.susc.2012.05.018

    2012

  136. [145]

    M. Liu, W. Zhao, S. Wang, W. Guo, Y. Tang, Y. Dong, Study on nanobub- ble generation: Saline solution/water exchange method, ChemPhysChem 14 (11) (2013) 2589–2593. doi:10.1002/cphc.201201032

    2013 doi

  137. [146]

    Q. Chen, L. Luo, H. Faraji, S. W. Feldberg, H. S. White, Electrochemi- cal measurements of single H2 nanobubble nucleation and stability at Pt nanoelectrodes, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 5 (20) (2014) 3539–3544. doi:10.1021/jz501898r

    2014 doi

  138. [147]

    Q. Chen, H. S. Wiedenroth, S. R. German, H. S. White, Electrochemical nucleation of stable n2 nanobubbles at pt nanoelectrodes, Journal of the American Chemical Society 137 (2015) 12064–12069. doi:10.1021/jacs. 5b07147

    2015 doi

  139. [148]

    S. R. German, Q. Chen, M. A. Edwards, H. S. White, Electrochemical measurement of hydrogen and nitrogen nanobubble lifetimes at pt na- noelectrodes, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 163 (2016) H3160– H3166. doi:10.1149/2.0221604jes

    2016 doi

  140. [149]

    Q. Chen, L. Luo, H. S. White, Electrochemical generation of a hydro- gen bubble at a recessed platinum nanopore electrode, Langmuir 31 (15) (2015) 4573–4581. doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00234

    2015 doi

  141. [150]

    L. Luo, H. S. White, Electrogeneration of single nanobubbles at sub-50- nm-radius platinum nanodisk electrodes, Langmuir 29 (35) (2013) 11169– 11175. doi:10.1021/la402496z

    2013 doi

  142. [151]

    Y. Liu, M. A. Edwards, S. R. German, Q. Chen, H. S. White, The dynamic steady state of an electrochemically generated nanobubble, Langmuir 33 (2017) 1845–1853. doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04607. 47

    2017 doi

  143. [152]

    V. B. Svetovoy, R. G. P. Sanders, T. S. J. Lammerink, M. C. Elwen- spoek, Combustion of hydrogen-oxygen mixture in electrochemically gen- erated nanobubbles, Physical Review E 84 (2011) 035302. doi:10.1103/ PhysRevE.84.035302

    2011

  144. [153]

    V. B. Svetovoy, R. G. P. Sanders, K. Ma, M. C. Elwenspoek, New type of microengine using internal combustion of hydrogen and oxygen, Scientific Reports 4 (2014) 4296. doi:10.1038/srep04296

    2014 doi

  145. [154]

    S. R. German, M. A. Edwards, Q. Chen, H. S. White, Laplace pressure of individual h2 nanobubbles from pressure-addition electrochemistry, Nano Letters 16 (2016) 6691–6694. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03590

    2016 doi

  146. [155]

    H. Ren, S. R. German, M. A. Edwards, Q. Chen, H. S. White, Elec- trochemical generation of individual o2 nanobubbles via h2o2 oxida- tion, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 8 (2017) 2450–2454. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00882

    2017 doi

  147. [156]

    Dollet, D

    B. Dollet, D. Lohse, Pinning stabilizes neighboring surface nanobubbles against ostwald ripening, Langmuir 32 (43) (2016) 11335–11339. doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02136

    2016 doi

  148. [157]

    B. H. Tan, H. An, C.-D. Ohl, Resolving the pinning force of nanobubbles with optical microscopy, Physical Review Letters 118 (5) (2017) 054501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.054501

    2017 doi

  149. [158]

    B. H. Tan, H. An, C.-D. Ohl, Surface nanobubbles are stabilized by hy- drophobic attraction, Physical Review Letters 120 (16) (2018) 164502. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.164502

    2018 doi

  150. [159]

    S. Yang, E. S. Kooij, B. Poelsema, D. Lohse, H. J. W. Zandvliet, Cor- relation between geometry and nanobubble distribution on HOPG sur- face, EPL (Europhysics Letters) 81 (6) (2008) 64006. doi:10.1209/ 0295-5075/81/64006

    2008

  151. [160]

    Michelin, E

    S. Michelin, E. Gu´ erin, E. Lauga, Collective dissolution of microbubbles, Physical Review Fluids 3 (2018) 043601. doi:10.1103/PhysRevFluids. 3.043601

    2018 doi

  152. [161]

    V. B. Svetovoy, I. Devi, J. H. Snoeijer, D. Lohse, Effect of disjoining pressure on surface nanobubbles, Langmuir 32 (43) (2016) 11188–11196. doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01812. 49 Substrate Nanobubble Liquid θ Rh Rb (A) (B) (C) Figure 1: Surface nanobubbles. (A) Nanobubbles on a...

    2016 doi

  153. [164]

    Y. Wang, X. Li, S. Ren, H. T. Alem, L. Yang, D. Lohse, Entrapment of interfacial nanobubbles on nano-structured surfaces, Soft Matter (2017) 27–29doi:10.1039/c7sm01205e

    2017 doi

  154. [165]

    Zou, N.-N

    Z.-L. Zou, N.-N. Quan, X.-Y. Wang, S. Wang, L.-M. Zhou, J. Hu, L.- J. Zhang, Y.-M. Dong, The properties of surface nanobubbles formed on 48 different substrates, Chinese Physics B 27 (2018) 086803. doi:10.1088/ 1674-1056/27/8/086803

    2018

  155. [2575]

    doi:10.1116/1.1289925

    doi

  156. [3414]

    doi:10.1021/la0116342

    doi

  157. [4764]

    doi:10.1021/la703475q

    doi

Pith tools

Reviewed August 14, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.