Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers

As of 19 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 71 of 71 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2504.19395.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2504.19395 v2

Coverage vector

measured 71 of 71 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:34.200779Z

measured 72 of 72 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-04T12:45:25.015933Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

71 of 71 outbound references displayed

verified exact5
verified fuzzy1
unresolved65
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 7c0b9aea-e055-4d48-8462-57c334d2d8ea · outbound

This paper cites online" 'onlinestring :=.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers online" 'onlinestring :=

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:32.972584Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3cc49638-d752-442d-8a1d-a4004e02899b · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers write newline

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.031248Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b487c660-68a6-47c2-b9af-8c72d38da6c9 · outbound

This paper cites What learning algorithm is in-context learning? Investigations with linear models.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers What learning algorithm is in-context learning? Investigations with linear models

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.036554Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ef762163-e6e0-4a84-a466-e1c44bb1ab47 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:36.345796Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation f3d789ca-a1c6-4861-a0b4-cf6d49a6f4c8 · outbound

This paper cites Dual Process Learning: Controlling Use of In-Context vs. In-Weights Strategies with Weight Forgetting.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Dual Process Learning: Controlling Use of In-Context vs. In-Weights Strategies with Weight Forgetting

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.047307Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 213eee06-0aca-43f0-aa14-3bd184027483 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:36.238625Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 1ad9ad06-e2b2-4606-b223-f7d95d572dd5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:36.224934Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 27dd5c98-03a9-470d-9eac-6d538f56a2b0 · outbound

This paper cites O'Reilly Media, Inc.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers O'Reilly Media, Inc

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:36.210699Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 7bfc2de6-7aae-4efa-b745-273340f14835 · outbound

This paper cites Language Models are Few-Shot Learners.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Language Models are Few-Shot Learners

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.145934Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5ee8578b-487e-45d9-885b-244d93f5862f · outbound

This paper cites Data Distributional Properties Drive Emergent In-Context Learning in Transformers.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Data Distributional Properties Drive Emergent In-Context Learning in Transformers

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.247733Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b05e4cdb-1c63-4067-9a20-451bebe08d6b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:36.196086Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 554e3169-be99-4a06-8424-6a3a91d31107 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.298892Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3fd8aa93-e986-4cad-b705-4034dda6d08e · outbound

This paper cites Generalisation First, Memorisation Second? Memorisation Localisation for Natural Language Classification Tasks.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Generalisation First, Memorisation Second? Memorisation Localisation for Natural Language Classification Tasks

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.304140Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 746044f9-3c1e-485a-9512-30f7fa737bbc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:36.172562Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation db2cf304-7015-4620-b36e-5902a13472f3 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.313168Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a2e21df8-9e90-4843-9724-50aecc3896f1 · outbound

This paper cites https://dumps.wikimedia.org Wikimedia downloads.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers https://dumps.wikimedia.org Wikimedia downloads

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.318253Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2ad286e1-1ce1-4fa2-beb7-2a691fa5aab6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:35.981490Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 7af38fa6-b915-47ab-8b15-67c92eacccb1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:34.355656Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 37cb5220-bdc0-42cf-a47d-7dc2a968af5f · outbound

This paper cites What Can Transformers Learn In-Context? A Case Study of Simple Function Classes.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers What Can Transformers Learn In-Context? A Case Study of Simple Function Classes

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.332459Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 862d4f20-9bda-4de8-8aa8-a01c23eaf810 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.337511Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 598f1fb8-1192-484b-9923-8b08a39f2b6c · outbound

This paper cites Memorization in In-Context Learning.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Memorization in In-Context Learning

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.341764Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c4fd6938-da7d-4298-934f-a012befb0583 · outbound

This paper cites OLMo: Accelerating the Science of Language Models.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers OLMo: Accelerating the Science of Language Models

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.346734Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e610d0a4-3514-4a56-afba-15c12022d3e7 · outbound

This paper cites A Theory of Emergent In-Context Learning as Implicit Structure Induction.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers A Theory of Emergent In-Context Learning as Implicit Structure Induction

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.351477Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 149b5954-c4c5-47a8-acf7-a3ec45d1e839 · outbound

This paper cites Understanding In-Context Learning via Supportive Pretraining Data.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Understanding In-Context Learning via Supportive Pretraining Data

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.412878Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fe3841ed-3f7e-4e4e-a726-cd9a05cdf23e · outbound

This paper cites Bridging Language and Items for Retrieval and Recommendation: Benchmarking LLMs as Semantic Encoders.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Bridging Language and Items for Retrieval and Recommendation: Benchmarking LLMs as Semantic Encoders

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.492905Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6ef18d61-a2cd-485a-9e4b-e2dbb4782a11 · outbound

This paper cites Transformers Learn Nonlinear Features In Context: Nonconvex Mean-field Dynamics on the Attention Landscape.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Transformers Learn Nonlinear Features In Context: Nonconvex Mean-field Dynamics on the Attention Landscape

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.497817Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c2b1dcb5-5c1d-4f54-a644-635e66cb05a2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:35.884490Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 4005d18e-3926-45b5-9547-406fd7193ae3 · outbound

This paper cites The Closeness of In-Context Learning and Weight Shifting for Softmax Regression.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers The Closeness of In-Context Learning and Weight Shifting for Softmax Regression

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.507353Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 80593984-3ba3-43c1-98ca-b70ff3785e27 · outbound

This paper cites Dual Operating Modes of In-Context Learning.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Dual Operating Modes of In-Context Learning

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.512577Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 594233a7-1c1c-464c-bfd2-5093d98ef7a5 · outbound

This paper cites Fantastically Ordered Prompts and Where to Find Them: Overcoming Few-Shot Prompt Order Sensitivity.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Fantastically Ordered Prompts and Where to Find Them: Overcoming Few-Shot Prompt Order Sensitivity

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.517141Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8192361e-f724-4e2e-b962-b1f1d1e9cee8 · outbound

This paper cites When Not to Trust Language Models: Investigating Effectiveness of Parametric and Non-Parametric Memories.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers When Not to Trust Language Models: Investigating Effectiveness of Parametric and Non-Parametric Memories

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.522163Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 774a2934-d344-4f9b-b64f-88401794fdac · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.526784Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 17a9cb9b-b4b7-46d5-b683-3f91d7b4d752 · outbound

This paper cites Rethinking the Role of Demonstrations: What Makes In-Context Learning Work?.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Rethinking the Role of Demonstrations: What Makes In-Context Learning Work?

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.560005Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0759fdf7-8aed-4002-937e-0d8b223568da · outbound

This paper cites Reframing Instructional Prompts to GPTk's Language.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Reframing Instructional Prompts to GPTk's Language

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.610007Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3172a7ae-df83-474b-b452-5e3cfbcf4f96 · outbound

This paper cites In-context Learning Generalizes, But Not Always Robustly: The Case of Syntax.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers In-context Learning Generalizes, But Not Always Robustly: The Case of Syntax

Reference 35

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:35.151457Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 54cc38a3-02e9-4630-af3c-fbdf410e1097 · outbound

This paper cites Learning vs Retrieval: The Role of In-Context Examples in Regression with Large Language Models.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Learning vs Retrieval: The Role of In-Context Examples in Regression with Large Language Models

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.693704Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 761fbdc4-249d-4dd7-8a8d-8ef4898fce23 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.699637Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d274abc7-eda2-4100-a200-fc7b545541c6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:35.859955Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation dc1a6a36-204d-45b5-8116-dbec210b7fe0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:35.845602Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 148471a0-7774-4c8b-a1f6-9c35925f4a8f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:35.832129Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation fbe92442-ff85-416f-83a7-61d86bd90c35 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.717883Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e32d1414-2bfb-4e13-8466-457e20f1bc1b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:35.688128Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation cbf8718e-ce75-4db7-8f16-60f02215e72c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 43

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:34.952053Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 5acd95ba-1f6c-4c82-886d-3d8e15cdbc67 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:35.568771Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation fdef7243-031d-42c5-9d21-ce8c1fafc90b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:35.555143Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 7062b008-8d96-46a1-adca-ba38d259a89a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 46

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:35.540519Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 57feb010-0638-48e5-9e68-0a3f0cfa7d6a · outbound

This paper cites Impact of Pretraining Term Frequencies on Few-Shot Reasoning.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Impact of Pretraining Term Frequencies on Few-Shot Reasoning

Reference 47

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.931918Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation b6dd0392-3d03-45d5-8612-0693fd2f09e9 · outbound

This paper cites The mechanistic basis of data dependence and abrupt learning in an in-context classification task.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers The mechanistic basis of data dependence and abrupt learning in an in-context classification task

Reference 48

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.937586Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 161dd196-9198-4eac-bea9-5e1a0b3c26a9 · outbound

This paper cites WinoGrande: An Adversarial Winograd Schema Challenge at Scale.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers WinoGrande: An Adversarial Winograd Schema Challenge at Scale

Reference 49

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.942668Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5924d1b1-7873-46f1-bd88-538c8cc5797d · outbound

This paper cites Do pretrained Transformers Learn In-Context by Gradient Descent?.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Do pretrained Transformers Learn In-Context by Gradient Descent?

Reference 50

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.948275Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 09abdfee-3347-42a0-b6b1-29d5c6b2aeb6 · outbound

This paper cites On the Effect of Pretraining Corpora on In-context Learning by a Large-scale Language Model.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers On the Effect of Pretraining Corpora on In-context Learning by a Large-scale Language Model

Reference 51

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.953469Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5de20089-ad08-4632-b985-96230a3374c5 · outbound

This paper cites Where does In-context Translation Happen in Large Language Models.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Where does In-context Translation Happen in Large Language Models

Reference 52

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:33.958555Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 742d0560-7211-4986-a1d7-bdc9eac2ee4e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Unresolved cited work

Reference 53

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:58:35.525930Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 04689f93-a163-4c62-8b68-e16dedf616f7 · outbound

This paper cites Out-of-distribution generalization via composition: a lens through induction heads in Transformers.

ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Out-of-distribution generalization via composition: a lens through induction heads in Transformers

Reference 54

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ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models

Reference 55

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ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers From Words to Numbers: Your Large Language Model Is Secretly A Capable Regressor When Given In-Context Examples

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ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Transformers learn in-context by gradient descent

Reference 60

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ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Investigating the Pre-Training Dynamics of In-Context Learning: Task Recognition vs. Task Learning

Reference 61

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ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructions

Reference 62

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ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers An Explanation of In-context Learning as Implicit Bayesian Inference

Reference 63

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ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers GPT-4 Is Too Smart To Be Safe: Stealthy Chat with LLMs via Cipher

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ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers Trained Transformers Learn Linear Models In-Context

Reference 66

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ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers In-Context Exemplars as Clues to Retrieving from Large Associative Memory

Reference 67

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Reference 69

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Reference 70

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ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers International Conference on Learning Representations ICLR

Reference 71

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Pith citing papers

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Controlling the Risk of Corrupted Contexts for Language Models via Early-Exiting cites this paper.

Controlling the Risk of Corrupted Contexts for Language Models via Early-Exiting ICL CIPHERS: Quantifying "Learning" in In-Context Learning via Substitution Ciphers

Reference 22

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