Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-07-01T07:59:42.981532Z
Paper Citation Record · LEDGER
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law
As of 22 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 34 of 34 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2605.28183.
A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.
Coverage vector
One-hop event checks from named stored sources.
Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00
Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-06-26T22:16:25.919667Z
A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.
Source: pith, observed 2026-07-03T23:29:02.476554Z
Reference resolution
34 of 34 outbound references displayed
- verified exact1
- verified fuzzy24
- unresolved6
- parse uncertain1
- malformed identifier2
- metadata mismatch0
External citation measurements
No source-named external measurement is stored.
Outbound references
Observation a3a98ca4-299f-4050-8441-8137e430aacc · outbound
This paper cites 100 Odysseas S Chlapanis and others, 'GreekBarBench: A Challenging Benchmark for Free-Text Legal Reasoning and Citations' (2025) arXiv:2505.17267.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law 100 Odysseas S Chlapanis and others, 'GreekBarBench: A Challenging Benchmark for Free-Text Legal Reasoning and Citations' (2025) arXiv:2505.17267
Reference 1
- Resolution
- verified exact
- arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-01T08:05:31.154547Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 76640b33-bdb6-4b2e-bdd6-6760516ccf37 · outbound
This paper cites LLM Evaluators Recognize and Favor Their Own Generations.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law LLM Evaluators Recognize and Favor Their Own Generations
Reference 2
- Resolution
- malformed identifier
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-01T08:05:31.149817Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 7c9ba8db-c20a-4f49-824a-16d7277cba48 · outbound
This paper cites skilled annotator.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law skilled annotator
Reference 3
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.102583Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 994f8616-27d9-4e7b-aa0f-b5652b197efd · outbound
This paper cites anderes, aber methodisch korrekt begründetes Ergebnis).
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law anderes, aber methodisch korrekt begründetes Ergebnis)
Reference 4
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.104481Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 789a61f7-0abf-41df-a376-243475e4838d · outbound
This paper cites Mittel (≈5–7): Ein wesentliches Problem fehlt oder ein Schwerpunkt wird übersehen; sonst or- dentlich.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Mittel (≈5–7): Ein wesentliches Problem fehlt oder ein Schwerpunkt wird übersehen; sonst or- dentlich
Reference 5
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.122070Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation f7479f53-efff-4ba3-a72d-cc0a52dc8584 · outbound
This paper cites Mittel (≈5–7): Kleine Sys- tematikfehler (Reihenfolge, einzelne falsche/unnötige Grundlagen), aber Gesamt- struktur trägt.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Mittel (≈5–7): Kleine Sys- tematikfehler (Reihenfolge, einzelne falsche/unnötige Grundlagen), aber Gesamt- struktur trägt
Reference 6
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.124009Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 102a18fd-9eb7-482f-aa2d-1fa9608fb606 · outbound
This paper cites Mittel (≈8–11): Einzelne Definitio- nen/Normen ungenau; Streitstände schema- tisch oder lückenhaft, aber nicht fallentschei- dend falsch.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Mittel (≈8–11): Einzelne Definitio- nen/Normen ungenau; Streitstände schema- tisch oder lückenhaft, aber nicht fallentschei- dend falsch
Reference 7
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.096857Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 49ad301e-269a-42dd-9b38-367825c7e14a · outbound
This paper cites Mittel (≈8–11): Teil- weise nur abstrakt/„leerformelhaft“, aber wesentliche Punkte werden noch fallbezogen gelöst.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Mittel (≈8–11): Teil- weise nur abstrakt/„leerformelhaft“, aber wesentliche Punkte werden noch fallbezogen gelöst
Reference 8
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.113373Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 810cb47e-fabf-4341-ac51-ea03cf489190 · outbound
This paper cites Mittel (≈5–7): Entweder Über- länge bei Nebensachen oder Untergewichtung eines Schwerpunkts, aber noch erkennbares Klausurbewusstsein.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Mittel (≈5–7): Entweder Über- länge bei Nebensachen oder Untergewichtung eines Schwerpunkts, aber noch erkennbares Klausurbewusstsein
Reference 9
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.115325Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 4aecbe27-2fd9-470b-a7db-fa61d1720f91 · outbound
This paper cites Mittel (≈5–7): Grund- schema vorhanden, aber häufiger vermis- cht/ausgelassen; Definitionen oder Ergeb- nisse fehlen gelegentlich.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Mittel (≈5–7): Grund- schema vorhanden, aber häufiger vermis- cht/ausgelassen; Definitionen oder Ergeb- nisse fehlen gelegentlich
Reference 10
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.111168Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 19c427c3-21c5-46d4-964c-69ae921bbb85 · outbound
This paper cites 3–4: Kleinere Inkonsistenzen (Ebenen- sprünge, Überschriften nicht passgenau).
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law 3–4: Kleinere Inkonsistenzen (Ebenen- sprünge, Überschriften nicht passgenau)
Reference 11
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.094528Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation bae601d6-ee9e-4cd1-a56a-11ab8458c12e · outbound
This paper cites 2: Teilweise umständlich/ungenau, aber ver- ständlich.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law 2: Teilweise umständlich/ungenau, aber ver- ständlich
Reference 12
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.108902Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 45bb36fd-68e7-4be5-ae01-c2ed41c9a56c · outbound
This paper cites LLM Judge.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law LLM Judge
Reference 13
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.117285Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 1ff5cd21-922b-4ede-88a3-7d9e05a39218 · outbound
This paper cites a different but methodologically correctly rea- soned result).
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law a different but methodologically correctly rea- soned result)
Reference 14
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.088226Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 0126f16f-b0bd-42b6-88f0-8e3e3aa70f22 · outbound
This paper cites blind spots.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law blind spots
Reference 15
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.106733Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation f5df3786-6457-4609-a9ba-e6e711e77d93 · outbound
This paper cites Middle (≈5–7): small systematic errors (sequence, in- dividual incorrect / unnecessary bases), but the overall structure holds.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Middle (≈5–7): small systematic errors (sequence, in- dividual incorrect / unnecessary bases), but the overall structure holds
Reference 16
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.099024Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation e75d7fcf-266a-4869-b8b7-4651f63f94c9 · outbound
This paper cites Middle (≈8–11): individual definitions / norms are imprecise; scholarly debates are schematic or patchy, but not wrong in a case-decisive way.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Middle (≈8–11): individual definitions / norms are imprecise; scholarly debates are schematic or patchy, but not wrong in a case-decisive way
Reference 17
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.092453Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 953b8ae8-d718-4324-adce-79550a5144c6 · outbound
This paper cites empty-formula- like.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law empty-formula- like
Reference 18
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.065181Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 050700fc-d2ee-4f91-9161-9aef27795288 · outbound
This paper cites sig- nals.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law sig- nals
Reference 19
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.085958Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 410e01ca-7ca8-4e8d-89f0-2a38364e4072 · outbound
This paper cites Middle (≈5– 7): the basic scheme is present but is fre- quently blended or omitted; definitions or re- sults are occasionally missing.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Middle (≈5– 7): the basic scheme is present but is fre- quently blended or omitted; definitions or re- sults are occasionally missing
Reference 20
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.082466Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 9910ff8c-e05f-41fd-827d-dbe4012e8dfd · outbound
This paper cites 3–4: small inconsistencies (level jumps, headings not precisely fitting).
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law 3–4: small inconsistencies (level jumps, headings not precisely fitting)
Reference 21
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.127429Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 0ccd6dd9-3148-4612-8edd-56a067c9693b · outbound
This paper cites 2: partly clumsy / imprecise, but understand- able.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law 2: partly clumsy / imprecise, but understand- able
Reference 22
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.080434Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 9255d25f-908e-4ed8-b8bf-54863e0915ff · outbound
This paper cites 1: isolated ci- tation / care errors, not serious.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law 1: isolated ci- tation / care errors, not serious
Reference 23
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.125754Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 6fca198e-0a27-48bf-bf53-2f6dc75fbfce · outbound
This paper cites Bewertungsgrundsätze • Die Referenzlösung ist Orientierung, nicht die einzig mögliche vertretbare Lösung.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Bewertungsgrundsätze • Die Referenzlösung ist Orientierung, nicht die einzig mögliche vertretbare Lösung
Reference 24
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.084196Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 42d40318-69ca-4916-b73e-d2d500a22faf · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Unresolved cited work
Reference 25
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.070984Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation e3541f09-695b-4892-b187-44dba9c73b8a · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Unresolved cited work
Reference 26
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.100734Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 53e53489-89e9-4c3c-8ed0-bb89c6f73e99 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Unresolved cited work
Reference 27
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.120081Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation ad9403d1-6aac-47fb-9222-3354890b74d7 · outbound
This paper cites ” }, ”legal_knowledge”: { ”score”: ..., ”max”: 25, ”reason”: ”.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law ” }, ”legal_knowledge”: { ”score”: ..., ”max”: 25, ”reason”: ”
Reference 28
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.078448Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 492289b0-e06a-4d06-b3ae-a59881e7340d · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Unresolved cited work
Reference 29
- Resolution
- parse uncertain
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.067269Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 69e46016-564a-42f5-9ed1-c82399966e98 · outbound
This paper cites Do not use any external sources and do not in- vent any facts.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Do not use any external sources and do not in- vent any facts
Reference 30
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.076444Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation b8c981db-bf9d-4303-af37-949fb006e07f · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Unresolved cited work
Reference 31
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.063322Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation c78c6f5d-ac58-424d-a983-770b1cd60b76 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Unresolved cited work
Reference 32
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.069073Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation f4ce44dd-9a18-4f4a-a614-ac803cf29b1f · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law Unresolved cited work
Reference 33
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.072708Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 209913f6-9de2-4728-a936-009ede7ddd05 · outbound
This paper cites near pass.
BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law near pass
Reference 34
- Resolution
- malformed identifier
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T13:52:37.074542Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Pith citing papers
Observation 9228edb1-f60a-4567-b89c-76d2660ce04d · inbound
The Measurement Gap in the Automation of EU Law: Benchmarking Doctrinal Legal Reasoning under the EU AI Act cites this paper.
The Measurement Gap in the Automation of EU Law: Benchmarking Doctrinal Legal Reasoning under the EU AI Act BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law
Reference 48
- Resolution
- verified exact
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-03T23:29:02.477892Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.