Pith. sign in

Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression

As of 10 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 35 of 35 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.02200.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.02200 v2

Coverage vector

measured 35 of 35 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:32.747659Z

measured 35 of 35 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

35 of 35 outbound references displayed

  • verified exact3
  • verified fuzzy22
  • unresolved10
  • parse uncertain0
  • malformed identifier0
  • metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation c75851fb-3b8c-48b1-bf98-77ddab367e1c · outbound

This paper cites Towards efficient representation identification in supervised learning.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Towards efficient representation identification in supervised learning

Reference 1

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:36.463464Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.628775Z digest=sha256:9f9305ab01c698b5455c892b889d9795bb8809573c5f39c7aac7fff8d14c1614

Observation 2fdb66bb-ec5d-40ee-9a09-a8588444da3b · outbound

This paper cites Contrastive representations of high-dimensional, structured treatments.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Contrastive representations of high-dimensional, structured treatments

Reference 2

Resolution
verified exact
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:32.950202Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.632789Z digest=sha256:05fdfefaafb825e6d3371092cf7c2a5f93b5c947057c0df0055626d29bf37b70

Observation cc7839d5-f96e-4cd1-a645-9b3cdb775918 · outbound

This paper cites Inference on Strongly Identified Functionals of Weakly Identified Functions.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Inference on Strongly Identified Functionals of Weakly Identified Functions

Reference 3

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:32.636218Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.636218Z digest=sha256:cb1ba9b93575fe4f150b6511d8af552ba549a992995349c255bec56eef063b56

Observation 599c618a-dfbc-408f-8515-a12cdb9acfbe · outbound

This paper cites Source Condition Double Robust Inference on Functionals of Inverse Problems.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Source Condition Double Robust Inference on Functionals of Inverse Problems

Reference 4

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:32.639665Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.639665Z digest=sha256:30e9ea093e74db0ab7e1f0ff32ea9390b48c375bd94f054ae0a6f51c518f2341

Observation 0b161603-cdbd-4385-b572-9950815b386b · outbound

This paper cites Semiparametric proximal causal inference.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Semiparametric proximal causal inference

Reference 5

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:36.325720Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.643037Z digest=sha256:a2af4b64458f5fa66bf6dc3a188580bf127f9f9ff1273a8f2193d422664e127e

Observation b61fd599-71b9-475b-9835-06074d2e6a61 · outbound

This paper cites Capacity management in networks: A structural estimation approach for hospital inpatient wards.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Capacity management in networks: A structural estimation approach for hospital inpatient wards

Reference 6

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:36.197367Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.646154Z digest=sha256:293c851ec6cb99b091f596f1056eaf2acba4d7270ce595f1eae19094fb557308

Observation f7b2180a-e6a9-41a8-b75e-c04cde2ce25d · outbound

This paper cites Off-service placement in inpatient ward network: Resource pooling versus service slowdown.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Off-service placement in inpatient ward network: Resource pooling versus service slowdown

Reference 7

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:36.053793Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.649303Z digest=sha256:9e2ead6b041c012f74decab6d700cae64ae8f92505f1b8ac4e2ce916ddcae957

Observation a8a05b46-28ab-4671-a520-08ae81d0634a · outbound

This paper cites Labor-llm: Language-based occupational representations with large language models.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Labor-llm: Language-based occupational representations with large language models

Reference 8

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:32.652657Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.652657Z digest=sha256:8a02b4df2f81758dfc6ce4bb7e3221b72eea49df2218278d484dd3be79721886

Observation 7fe28783-087f-40a5-a811-aa9bde4e8100 · outbound

This paper cites On the completeness condition in nonparametric instrumental problems.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression On the completeness condition in nonparametric instrumental problems

Reference 9

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:32.655724Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.655724Z digest=sha256:d2d059e02674c35a174f6cf8c50a6c020fdd1aa631a21bf57be57245b7d29672

Observation cc13f727-c7a5-40cd-aafb-3dea2992a12f · outbound

This paper cites A kernel statistical test of independence.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression A kernel statistical test of independence

Reference 10

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:35.921793Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.658867Z digest=sha256:a535db1e855fa4b406090aec2d188627c882de1e50b68935431af4fe78025af4

Observation 7bbd02be-67d6-436d-81e2-aff2d4d42e01 · outbound

This paper cites Hidden markov nonlinear ica: Unsupervised learning from nonstationary time series.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Hidden markov nonlinear ica: Unsupervised learning from nonstationary time series

Reference 11

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:35.727223Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.661937Z digest=sha256:44a64f49b58b79d863e66b7359f87cb240b8d8c7789804fe9b18209a15ea99df

Observation 084e8d92-ac2d-46bf-82f8-d87b35e2b8b9 · outbound

This paper cites Identifiable feature learning for spatial data with nonlinear ica.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Identifiable feature learning for spatial data with nonlinear ica

Reference 12

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:35.602857Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.665155Z digest=sha256:d14c15d2d415623d2e6d854f2db5f00c42082c3502fab28928ae0f1dfa70094c

Observation 9a3e9b93-1f65-4909-a21d-1d024329e46f · outbound

This paper cites Graphite: Estimating individual effects of graph- structured treatments.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Graphite: Estimating individual effects of graph- structured treatments

Reference 13

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:35.448920Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.668435Z digest=sha256:781a0baef54053f6b5dc82d81c445e9b3699e5dfe33bdd0095f036d32c72d0aa

Observation 3610e14b-f719-43c6-a3a6-b46cba8508ba · outbound

This paper cites Independent component analysis: recent advances.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 371(1984):20110534, 2013.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Independent component analysis: recent advances.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 371(1984):20110534, 2013

Reference 14

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:35.258378Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.676096Z digest=sha256:7ed7a7984b974123a92a37620d629fab42639b033a83f407b47117a63e8d8fee

Observation 4fcafafc-1097-407c-9c3e-eac92c969bf9 · outbound

This paper cites Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications

Reference 15

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:32.679232Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.679232Z digest=sha256:6f92d0b7d8f0e8677572c96e77e3dd3707537e13074459d9452770bca7e31d38

Observation 116b3d4b-c3db-4e7d-ab70-9b8adea4d840 · outbound

This paper cites Nonlinear independent component analysis for principled disentanglement in unsupervised deep learning.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Nonlinear independent component analysis for principled disentanglement in unsupervised deep learning

Reference 16

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:32.682214Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.682214Z digest=sha256:f47121cbada260952594458076c40260801e583932d3d9ad21a0322da0e3d8b3

Observation dd751797-7396-4ab2-960c-bda12518395b · outbound

This paper cites Identifiability of latent-variable and structural-equation models: from linear to nonlinear.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Identifiability of latent-variable and structural-equation models: from linear to nonlinear

Reference 17

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:35.078984Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.685264Z digest=sha256:1155e990725cd025363f3875ca0f7766b30f7c6555d857ed85683c86a3e261b7

Observation eaca2550-e6ce-4475-b599-82ff76e9486d · outbound

This paper cites Learning Causal Representations from General Environments: Identifiability and Intrinsic Ambiguity.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Learning Causal Representations from General Environments: Identifiability and Intrinsic Ambiguity

Reference 18

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:32.688140Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.688140Z digest=sha256:c9645638c404dae78f6ca87d089efe5c9cc5f40d3986a146f8e4057a9bc17084

Observation dcf8f555-b204-4f29-85ce-5daa13bfb44a · outbound

This paper cites Instrumented principal component analysis.Available at SSRN 2983919, 2020.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Instrumented principal component analysis.Available at SSRN 2983919, 2020

Reference 19

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:34.902329Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.691535Z digest=sha256:9021aa66e4e99a399ccc85051771edcef645c92ede9827a5cca52d283611a839

Observation 1cebf07e-113c-40da-a01b-e62e6e07a94c · outbound

This paper cites Variational au- toencoders and nonlinear ica: A unifying framework.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Variational au- toencoders and nonlinear ica: A unifying framework

Reference 20

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:34.680027Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.694513Z digest=sha256:777d2ee64b787f95ca3707c41d2d4e015aff13114078db90307ab4dd3379ed43

Observation de698446-8459-4619-a4f9-46ac3412ab3c · outbound

This paper cites Cost-effective incentive allocation via structured counterfactual inference.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Cost-effective incentive allocation via structured counterfactual inference

Reference 21

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:34.516301Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.697784Z digest=sha256:86f3b69c84707b741105ff54f01c755028d36375c739a033ce7d1582bce2731f

Observation f8d0f7fe-ba19-41d6-8c2f-5cdf0b1a69bf · outbound

This paper cites Invariant causal representation learning for out-of-distribution generalization.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Invariant causal representation learning for out-of-distribution generalization

Reference 22

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:34.282572Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.700881Z digest=sha256:a184e87187087c0e70fd0a57cd54880b593a77fae27e82026203b66614297262

Observation aa6375a1-de70-4557-ad41-5ddbb39c471e · outbound

This paper cites Causal discovery with general non-linear relationships using non-linear ica.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Causal discovery with general non-linear relationships using non-linear ica

Reference 23

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:34.100416Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.704029Z digest=sha256:42142e7399ac188dc4c892f8f5b9d213f9c8e18d4f91ac90a9d8e56ec98efc5c

Observation a52f696f-26ff-4bd3-bca1-88eeaf502778 · outbound

This paper cites Kernel conditional moment test via maximum moment restriction.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Kernel conditional moment test via maximum moment restriction

Reference 24

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:33.914572Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.707168Z digest=sha256:2b4458b9f468c9b75c7557a025bf0e544eacc25fdf458d41cebde82055ff89df

Observation 6cc4ec76-1689-40f1-883c-b2ac16ee0672 · outbound

This paper cites Semiparametric causal sufficient dimension reduction of multidimensional treatments.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Semiparametric causal sufficient dimension reduction of multidimensional treatments

Reference 25

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:33.789318Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.710199Z digest=sha256:560d169b50f54d4c0d5e2426f9e4eae03de9975cf77fa75886c708af994c1d9f

Observation 9c38c4b5-5cd3-4463-b9a0-234f3420dcad · outbound

This paper cites Kernel-based tests for joint independence.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Kernel-based tests for joint independence

Reference 26

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:33.611683Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.713809Z digest=sha256:eea9989a5b7297f81870436b31ed2128f25923e09586462955dcc6b044478c7c

Observation ae3cd32d-80cf-44c8-9fc2-c1f2e26f875f · outbound

This paper cites Waiting online versus in-person: An empirical study on outpatient clinic visit incompletion.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Waiting online versus in-person: An empirical study on outpatient clinic visit incompletion

Reference 27

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:33.458628Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.717098Z digest=sha256:b7f7f6c11628f8ab51fe96d928880a12ecd025098359347c2711ab9463406e78

Observation bb17a5af-e803-4d1e-a818-8594d8313e38 · outbound

This paper cites The use and interpretation of principal component analysis in applied research.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression The use and interpretation of principal component analysis in applied research

Reference 28

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:33.305398Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.720145Z digest=sha256:84f570977cf39b04ff10636f06661bc49120206912a945c1f61a51de8d35eda2

Observation ac8e1a82-45f1-4c2b-a313-cf6615d9a679 · outbound

This paper cites Principal component analysis with instrumental variables as a tool for modelling composition data.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Principal component analysis with instrumental variables as a tool for modelling composition data

Reference 29

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:33.209759Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.723276Z digest=sha256:037bcf6706e14c2e0d97b53cf8e8e8868fdf2d49d01712a9aaa91c3a2ade5a9a

Observation c411b0ae-e9d7-4fc8-a8fd-a8083599d183 · outbound

This paper cites Identifying Representations for Intervention Extrapolation.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Identifying Representations for Intervention Extrapolation

Reference 30

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:32.726298Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.726298Z digest=sha256:1485b6f1da1b40eabb4775b1e344225e0f8f7a5dc1e9061a5e6429373198be44

Observation 317834c4-6e10-437f-88db-af52b9970a8c · outbound

This paper cites Toward causal representation learning.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Toward causal representation learning

Reference 32

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:33.054650Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.733339Z digest=sha256:f98fff60244220eada0182762d150bbed87eac8a594b735a36534901ae98ad50

Observation 04777d0a-5045-4dae-b118-960265fed478 · outbound

This paper cites Estimating Wage Disparities Using Foundation Models.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Estimating Wage Disparities Using Foundation Models

Reference 33

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:32.736332Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.736332Z digest=sha256:153a50de625dbca8562bc93acb699ba002095455a57fc3908527bf38a444b60c

Observation 36014e5b-df4d-4dc4-a5b9-994fd1c537e7 · outbound

This paper cites Counterfactual and Synthetic Control Method: Causal Inference with Instrumented Principal Component Analysis.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Counterfactual and Synthetic Control Method: Causal Inference with Instrumented Principal Component Analysis

Reference 34

Resolution
verified exact
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:32.803161Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.739773Z digest=sha256:e5f1614f432119f53c962b074c7f8122a233c423428fb11f86022b9482912f2d

Observation a3ef9eb4-dde9-48cf-addd-ca69129ecfeb · outbound

This paper cites Constrained principal component analysis: A comprehensive theory.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Constrained principal component analysis: A comprehensive theory

Reference 35

Resolution
verified exact
doi, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:32.780030Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.743387Z digest=sha256:c64335da442ec0b5908cc88777fbf0453e24c8434f7e1b711af10ae769d87fca

Observation ebd50fcf-2f37-4d8a-af60-c187d8928cb8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Learning Treatment Representations for Downstream Instrumental Variable Regression Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:37:32.977641Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T11:37:32.747659Z digest=sha256:bf7eeb34a839e7a75a78f4b23c5aa6e480c809645498ac2811cfe3148b642376

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.