Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 4 minor 36 references

Scanning tunneling microscope characterizations of a circular graphene resonator realized with p-p junctions

T0 review · 3 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-14 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read A circular graphene p-p junction confines Dirac fermions into whispering-gallery states, and a strong magnetic field flips their Berry phase.

desk verdict Solid p-p WGM/Berry-phase extension, but the 26 meV splitting is overinterpreted as electron-electron interactions. read the letter →

arxiv 1908.06582 v1 pith:P7HFFSDE submitted 2019-08-19 cond-mat.mes-hall cond-mat.mtrl-sci

Ya-Ning Ren , Jiao-Jiao Zhou , Zhong-Qiu Fu , Hai-Xuan Cheng , Si-Yu Li , Zi-Han Guo , Yi-Wen Liu , Chao Yan
show 6 more authors
Qi-Qi Guo Jia-Bin Qiao Yu Zhang Sheng Han Hua Jiang Lin He
This is my paper · ORCID
classification cond-mat.mes-hallcond-mat.mtrl-sci
keywords graphenequantumdotp-pjunctionwhispering-gallerymodesBerryphaseelectron-electroninteractionscanningtunnelingmicroscopyDiracfermionsKlein
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper uses a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope to study a graphene quantum dot formed by a circular p-p junction, a boundary where both sides are hole-doped but with different Dirac-point energies. It claims that this junction confines massless Dirac fermions into whispering-gallery quasi-bound states, exactly as p-n junction resonators do, and that these states can be imaged on the atomic scale. It further claims that a strong magnetic field switches on a $\pi$ Berry phase for the confined fermions, producing a sudden energy jump of about half the level spacing. It also reports a 26 meV splitting of a quasi-bound state when the Fermi level crosses it, which it interprets as a sign of strong electron-electron interactions. If true, the result extends Klein-tunneling-based quantum confinement to same-polarity junctions and exposes interaction effects in a single graphene quantum dot.

What carries the argument

The central object is a circular graphene p-p junction: a closed boundary between two hole-doped regions with different Dirac-point energies, which acts as a whispering-gallery resonator for massless Dirac fermions. The confinement mechanism is Klein-like anisotropic transmission, where glancing-angle trajectories are repeatedly reflected while near-normal trajectories transmit, so the circular interface traps quasi-bound states. The Berry-phase switch is the momentum-space mechanism: in a magnetic field, orbits with angular momentum antiparallel to the field bend into skipping orbits, so their closed momentum-space paths enclose the Dirac point and acquire a $\pi$ Berry phase, jumping the level energies. The interaction claim is carried by a single spectral observation: a quasi-bound state at the Fermi level splits into two peaks separated by about 26 meV, comparable to the on-site Coulomb estimate $e^2/(4\pi\varepsilon R)\sim30$ meV.

What would settle it

Measure the split-peak separation in circular p-p graphene quantum dots of different radii: if Coulomb interactions cause the 26 meV splitting, the separation should scale roughly as $1/R$, giving about 40 meV for $R=10$ nm and 20 meV for $R=20$ nm, whereas a constant or random separation would point to a tip artifact or accidental degeneracy.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper reports that a circular graphene p-p junction, a closed boundary between two hole-doped regions with different Dirac-point energies, can confine massless Dirac fermions into quasi-bound states by whispering-gallery-mode reflection. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy inside the dot reveals a ladder of resonances with an average spacing of about 48 meV, matching $\hbar v_F/R$ for $R\approx13$ nm, and the lowest state is centered while higher states form rings near the boundary. Applying an 8 T magnetic field shifts this ladder upward by roughly half the level spacing; the authors attribute the sudden jump to the magnetic field turning on a $\pi$ Berry phase once the field exceeds a critical value of about 4 T. Finally, one quasi-bound state sitting near the Fermi level splits into two peaks separated by about 26 meV, which the authors interpret as evidence that electron-electron interactions are important in the dot.

Load-bearing premise

The argument's weakest link is the assumption that the observed splitting of the confined level is caused by electron-electron repulsion inside the dot, rather than by the microscope tip or some accidental double-peak effect; the paper explicitly says the exact reason is not known.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Circular p-p junctions can act as graphene quantum dots even though they do not invert carrier type, extending Klein-tunneling-based confinement beyond p-n junctions.
  • A magnetic field can abruptly switch the energy ladder of the confined states by about half a level spacing, so the dot behaves as a tunable Berry-phase resonator.
  • The observed quasi-bound-state spacing of about 48 meV matches $\hbar v_F/R$, providing a straightforward spectroscopic ruler for the dot radius and Fermi velocity.
  • A quasi-bound state at the Fermi level splits into two peaks about 26 meV apart, indicating that electron-electron interactions can dominate in these small graphene dots.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • A direct test left open by the paper: measure the splitting in dots with different radii; Coulomb scaling $e^2/(4\pi\varepsilon R)\sim1/R$ would distinguish charging physics from tip artifacts or accidental degeneracy breaking.
  • The paper compares 0 T and 8 T only; a continuous field sweep across the predicted critical field of about 4 T would sharpen the Berry-phase jump and separate it from gradual orbital shifts.
  • If partial filling of the level is what triggers the splitting, gating the dot through the Fermi energy should turn the split on and off, turning the resonator into a tunable single-electron interaction device.
  • The p-p junction geometry, with no carrier-type inversion, may be easier to model with lattice Green's functions and could give cleaner interaction parameters than p-n junction dots.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 4 minor

Summary. The paper reports low-temperature STM/STS measurements of a circular graphene p-p junction resonator on a Cu substrate, with radius about 13 nm. The authors observe a series of quasi-bound states inside the junction, with an average energy spacing of about 48 meV and spatial distributions characteristic of whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) confinement. They support these observations with lattice Green's function simulations that use measured junction parameters. In an 8 T magnetic field, they report a jump in the quasi-bound-state energy of roughly half the level spacing, which they attribute to the magnetic-field-induced switching on of the π Berry phase. Finally, they report that a quasi-bound state lying near the Fermi level splits into two peaks separated by about 26 meV when partially filled, and they interpret this as evidence for strong electron-electron interactions in the quantum dot.

Significance. The WGM confinement and Berry-phase jump are incremental extensions of earlier studies of circular p-n junctions to p-p junctions, and the lattice Green's function simulation uses measured inputs rather than fitting parameters, which is a strength. The genuinely new claim is the observation of a ~26 meV splitting of a quasi-bound state near the Fermi level, presented as evidence for electron-electron interactions. If that claim were firmly established, it would be of considerable interest for the physics of graphene quantum dots. However, as presented, the splitting evidence is limited to one device, one spectrum, and no control experiments, and the manuscript itself states that the exact origin of the splitting is unknown; the abstract's wording is therefore stronger than the data and analysis support.

major comments (3)
  1. [Section 4 (Fig. 4) and Abstract] The load-bearing novel claim is the ~26 meV splitting of a quasi-bound state near the Fermi level and its attribution to strong electron-electron interactions. The manuscript states, 'At present, we do not know the exact reason of the splitting,' and the quantitative support is only an order-of-magnitude comparison with e^2/(4πεR) ~ 30 meV. No gate-voltage dependence, temperature dependence, magnetic-field dependence, or device-to-device reproducibility is shown, and no single-particle calculation with realistic boundary asymmetry or disorder is provided to exclude an accidental near-degeneracy of two distinct quasi-bound states, such as valley- or angular-momentum-split levels. Such a single-particle doublet would produce the same two-peak STS signature without invoking interactions. The abstract's statement that the splitting 'indicat[es] that there are strong electron-electron interactions' is stronger than the main text's 'may play a vital role' and is not justified by the evidence presented. The authors should either supply additional measurements that distinguish interaction effects from single-particle splitting, or temper the abstract and conclusions accordingly.
  2. [Section 3 (Fig. 3)] The Berry-phase-jump claim rests on a single pair of tunneling spectra measured at one location in one device, at 0 T and 8 T. The critical field B_C is estimated theoretically as about 4 T, but no field-dependent series is shown, so the assignment of the 0 T and 8 T peaks to the same quasi-bound states before and after the Berry-phase switch is not uniquely established. The 8 T spectrum also contains additional weak peaks attributed to Landau levels outside the GQD, which could complicate peak identification. Additional spectra at intermediate fields or spatial maps at 8 T would strengthen this central claim.
  3. [Section 2 (Fig. 1) and Section 3 (Fig. 3)] The experimental support for the WGM confinement and the Berry-phase jump comes from a single graphene quantum dot (one device). The paper says 'we systematically study a graphene quantum dot,' but the statistics are limited to one GQD, one magnetic-field pair, and one splitting observation. While single-device STM studies are common, the generality of the conclusions would be materially improved by showing data from at least one more device, or by explicitly stating the limitations of single-device statistics in the text.
minor comments (4)
  1. [Affiliation line] The affiliation contains a typo: 'Mocrosystem' should be 'Microsystem.'
  2. [Abstract and Conclusion] The abstract says the splitting indicates 'strong electron-electron interactions,' while the conclusion says electron-electron interactions 'may play an important role' and 'further experiments should be carried out.' These statements should be consistent; the more cautious wording is more appropriate to the evidence.
  3. [Section 4 (Fig. 4)] The energy separation is described as ~26 meV with peaks at -13 mV and +13 mV. It would be helpful to state explicitly whether these energies are referenced to the Fermi level (zero bias) and whether the symmetric placement is a selection criterion or an outcome of the measurement.
  4. [References] Reference [27] is an arXiv preprint (arXiv:1904.06902); if the paper has been published by the time of revision, the published citation should be provided. Several other references are also preprints; the journal style should be followed.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: the quasi-bound-state energies and Berry-phase jump are checked against parameter-free estimates and independent prior theory; the splitting claim is explicitly an open interpretation rather than a fitted prediction.

full rationale

The paper's derivation chain is self-contained. The main quantitative comparison, ∆E ≈ ħv_F/R, uses the independently measured radius R ≈ 13 nm and the known graphene Fermi velocity; it is not a fit to the resonance-peak positions. The lattice Green's-function calculation (ref. [20], a coauthor citation) is a forward simulation that takes measured inputs (R = 13 nm, Dirac-point offsets 40/280 meV) and reproduces the ~50 meV spacing and ring-shaped LDOS, so the simulation does not invert the target data or rename the experimental peaks. The Berry-phase jump in a magnetic field is attributed to prior independent theoretical and experimental work by other groups (refs. [14,15,21,22]), not to a self-citation chain. The 26 meV splitting near the Fermi level is presented as an observed feature whose origin the authors explicitly state they do not know ('At present, we do not know the exact reason of the splitting'); the interaction interpretation is an analogy with Coulomb repulsion e^2/(4πεR) ~ 30 meV and quantum-Hall isospin ferromagnetism. This may be an evidentiary overreach, especially in the abstract, but it is not circular: no fitted input is renamed as a prediction and no result is assumed through self-citation. Under the rule that non-consensus or overinterpretation is a correctness concern rather than a circularity concern, no circular step can be exhibited.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

No parameters were fitted to the target observations; the simulation uses measured inputs (radius, Dirac point energies) and standard constants (vF, dielectric constant). No new entities are postulated. The main axioms are the Dirac description of graphene and standard STS assumptions.

assumptions (4)
  • standard math The electronic structure of graphene is described by the massless Dirac equation.
    Used throughout to assign Dirac points, Berry phase, and WGM confinement.
  • domain assumption The circular p-p junction can be modeled as a sharp potential step with the measured Dirac point energies (40 meV outside, 280 meV inside).
    The lattice Green's function simulation in Fig. 2 uses this potential profile; roughness and irregular boundary are not included.
  • domain assumption The lattice Green's function method from ref. [20] gives a valid LDOS for this system.
    The simulation in Fig. 2 relies on this method; it is self-cited, but the central qualitative features are also captured by the simple ΔE ≈ ħvF/R estimate.
  • domain assumption The dI/dV signal in STS is proportional to the LDOS.
    Standard STS assumption underlying the spatial maps and spectra interpretation.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Scanning tunneling microscope characterizations of a circular graphene resonator realized with p-p junctions." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/P7HFFSDE

@misc{pith2026190806582,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Scanning tunneling microscope characterizations of a circular graphene resonator realized with p-p junctions},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/P7HFFSDE}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:1908.06582}
}
read the original abstract

Using low-temperature high-magnetic-field scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS), we systematically study a graphene quantum dot (GQD) defined by a circular graphene p-p junction. Inside the GQD, we observe a series of quasi-bound states arising from whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) confinement of the circular junction and directly visualize these quasi-bound states down to atomic dimensions. By applying a strong magnetic field, a large jump in energy of the quasi-bound states, which is about one-half the energy spacing between the quasi-bound states, is observed. Such a behavior results from turning on a {\pi} Berry phase of massless Dirac fermions in graphene by a magnetic field. Moreover, our experiment demonstrates that a quasi-bound state splits into two peaks with an energy separation of about 26 meV when the Fermi level crosses the quasi-bound state, indicating that there are strong electron-electron interactions in the GQD.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 1908.06582 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. FIG. 1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_1.png] view at source ↗

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

36 extracted references · 33 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    M. I. Katsnelson, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, Chiral tunnelling and the Klein paradox in graphene, Nat. Phys. 2, 620 (2006)

    work page 2006

  2. [2]

    J. M. Pereira, V . Mlinar, F. M. Peeters, and P. Vasilopoulos, Confined states and direction-dependent transmission in graphene quantum wells, Phys. Rev. B 74, 045424 (2006)

    work page 2006

  3. [3]

    V . V . Cheianov and V . I. Fal’ko, Selective transmission of Dirac electrons and ballistic magnetoresistance of n-p junctions in graphene, Phys. Rev. B 74, 041403 (2006)

    work page 2006

  4. [4]

    A. F. Young and P. Kim, Quantum interference and Klein tunnelling in graphene heterojunctions, Nat. Phys. 5, 222 (2009)

    work page 2009

  5. [5]

    Stander, B

    N. Stander, B. Huard, and D. Goldhaber-Gordon, Evidence for Klein tunneling in graphene p-n junctions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 026807 (2009)

    work page 2009

  6. [6]

    He, Z.-D

    W.-Y . He, Z.-D. Chu, and L. He, Chiral tunneling in a twisted graphene bilayer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 066803 (2013)

    work page 2013

  7. [7]

    Y . Zhao, J. Wyrick, F. D. Natterer, J. F. Rodriguez -Nieva, C. Lewandowski, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, L. S. Levitov, N. B. Zhitenev, and J. A. Stroscio, Creating and probing electron whispering -gallery modes in graphene, Science 348, 672 (2015)

    work page 2015

  8. [8]

    S. Chen, Z. Han, M. M. Elahi, K. M. Habib, L. Wang, B. Wen, Y . Gao, T. Taniguchi, K. Watanabe, and J. Hone, Electron optics with p-n junctions in ballistic graphene, Science 353, 1522 (2016)

    work page 2016

Show all 36 references
  1. [9]

    J. Lee, D. Wong, J. Velasco Jr, J. F. Rodriguez -Nieva, S. Kahn, H. -Z. Tsai, T. Taniguchi, K. Watanabe, A. Zettl, and F. Wang, Imaging electrostatically confined Dirac fermions in graphene quantum dots, Nat. Phys. 12, 1032 (2016)

    2016

  2. [10]

    Gutié rrez, L

    C. Gutié rrez, L. Brown, C.-J. Kim, J. Park, and A. N. Pasupathy, Klein tunnelling and electron trapping in nanometre -scale graphene quantum dots, Nat. Phys. 12, 1069 (2016)

    2016

  3. [11]

    K.-K. Bai, J. -B. Qiao, H. Jiang, H. Liu, and L. He, Massless Dirac fermions trapping in a quasi -one-dimensional npn junction of a continuous graphene monolayer, Phys. Rev. B 95, 201406(R) (2017)

    2017

  4. [12]

    Bai, J.-J

    K.-K. Bai, J.-J. Zhou, Y .-C. Wei, J.-B. Qiao, Y .-W. Liu, H.-W. Liu, H. Jiang, and L. He, Generating atomically sharp p-n junctions in graphene and testing quantum electron optics on the nanoscale, Phys. Rev. B 97, 045413 (2018)

    2018

  5. [13]

    Jiang, J

    Y . Jiang, J. Mao, D. Moldovan, M. R. Masir, G. Li, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, F. M. Peeters, and E. Y . Andrei, Tuning a circular p -n junction in graphene from quantum confinement to optical guiding, Nat Nanotechnol 12, 1045 (2017)

    2017

  6. [14]

    Ghahari, D

    F. Ghahari, D. Walkup, C. Gutié rrez, J. F. Rodriguez-Nieva, Y . Zhao, J. Wyrick, F. D. Natterer, W. G. Cullen, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, L. S. Levitov, N. B. Zhitenev, and J. A. Stroscio, An on/off Berry phase switch in circular graphene resonators, Science 356, 845 (2017)

    2017

  7. [15]

    Gutié rrez, D

    C. Gutié rrez, D. Walkup, F. Ghahari, C. Lewandowski, J. F. Rodriguez-Nieva, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, L. S. Levitov, N. B. Zhitenev, and J. A. Stroscio, Interaction-driven quantum Hall wedding cake –like structures in graphene quantum dots, Science 361, 789 (2018)

    2018

  8. [16]

    Z.-Q. Fu, Y . Zhang, J.-B. Qiao, D.-L. Ma, H. Liu, Z.-H. Guo, Y .-C. Wei, J.-Y . Hu, Q. Xiao, X.-R. Mao, and L. He, Spatial confinement, magnetic localization, and their interactions on massless Dirac fermions, Phys. Rev. B 98, 241401(R) (2018)

    2018

  9. [17]

    K. K. B ai, Y . Zhou, H. Zheng, L. Meng, H. Peng, Z. Liu, J. C. Nie, and L. He, Creating one -dimensional nanoscale periodic ripples in a continuous mosaic graphene monolayer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 086102 (2014)

    2014

  10. [18]

    D. Ma, Z. Fu, X. Sui, K. Bai, J. Qiao, C. Yan, Y . Zhang, J. Hu, Q. Xiao, X. Mao, W. Duan, and L. He, Modulating the Electronic Properties of Graphene by Self - Organized Sulfur Identical Nanoclusters and Atomic Superlattices Confined at an Interface, ACS Nano 12, 10984 (2018)

    2018

  11. [19]

    See supporting materials for more experimental data, analysis, details of calculations

  12. [20]

    J. Zhou, S. Cheng, W. You, and H. Jiang, Numerical study of Klein quantum dots in graphene systems, Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron, 62, 67811 (2019)

    2019

  13. [21]

    A. V . Shytov, M. S. Rudner, and L. S. Levitov, Klein Backscattering and Fabry-P érot Interference in Graphene Heterojunctions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 156804 (2008)

    2008

  14. [22]

    J. F. Rodriguez -Nieva and L. S. Levitov, Berry phase jumps and giant nonreciprocity in Dirac quantum dots, Phys. Rev. B 94, 235406 (2016)

    2016

  15. [23]

    Nomura and A

    K. Nomura and A. H. MacDonald, Quantum Hall ferromagnetism in graphene, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 256602 (2006)

    2006

  16. [24]

    Zhang, Z

    Y . Zhang, Z. Jiang, J. Small, M. Purewal, Y .-W. Tan, M. Fazlollahi, J. Chudow, J. Jaszczak, H. Stormer, and P. Kim, Landau -level splitting in graphene in high magnetic fields, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 136806 (2006)

    2006

  17. [25]

    A. F. Young, C. R. Dean, L. Wang, H. Ren, P. Cadden-Zimansky, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, J. Hone, K. L. Shepard, and P. Kim, Spin and valley quantum Hall ferromagnetism in graphene, Nat. Phys. 8, 550 (2012)

    2012

  18. [26]

    L.-J. Yin, L. -J. Shi, S. -Y . Li, Y . Zhang, Z.-H. Guo, and L. He, High -Magnetic- Field Tunneling Spectra of ABC -Stacked Trilayer Graphene on Graphite, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 146802 (2019)

    2019

  19. [27]

    S.-Y . Li, Y . Zhang, L.-J. Yin, and L. He, STM Study of Quantum Hall Isospin Ferromagnetic States of Zero La ndau Level in Graphene Monolayer, arXiv:1904.06902

    1904 arXiv

  20. [28]

    Y.-W. Liu, J. -B. Qiao, C. Yan, Y. Zhang, S. -Y. Li, and L. He, Magnetism near half-filling of a Van Hove singularity in twisted graphene bilayer, Phys. Rev. B 99, 201408(R) (2019)

    2019

  21. [29]

    Kerelsky, L

    A. Kerelsky, L. McGilly, D. M. Kennes, L. Xian, M. Yankowitz, S. Chen, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, J. Hone, C. Dean, A. Rubio, and A. N. Pasupathy, Magic angle spectroscopy, Nature (London) 572, 95 (2019)

    2019

  22. [30]

    Y . Choi, J. Kemmer, Y . Peng, A. Thomson, H. Arora, R. Polski, Y . Zhang, H. Ren, J. Alicea, G. Refael, F. von Oppen, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, and S. Nadj-Perge, Imaging electronic correlations in twisted bilayer graphene near the magic angle, arXiv:1901.02997

    1901 arXiv

  23. [31]

    Y . Xie, B. Lian, B. Jack, X. Liu, C. -L. Chiu, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, B. A. Bernevig, A. Yazdani, Spectroscopic signatures of many -body correlations in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene. Nature (London) 572, 101 (2019)

    2019

  24. [32]

    Jiang, J

    Y . Jiang, J. Mao, X. Lai, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, K. Haule, and E. Y . Andrei, Charge-Order and Broken Rotational Symmetry in Magic Angle Twisted Bilayer Graphene, arXiv :1904.10153. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1460- 4 (2019)

    2019 arXiv

  25. [33]

    Li, K.-Q

    S.-Y . Li, K.-Q. Liu, L. -J. Yin, W.-X. Wang, W. Yan, X.-Q. Yang, J.-K. Yang, H. Liu, H. Jiang, and L. He, Splitting of Van Hove singularities in slightly twisted bilayer graphene, Phys. Rev. B 96, 155416 (2017)

    2017

  26. [34]

    Y . Cao, V . Fatemi, A. Demir, S. Fang, S. L. Tomarken, J. Y . Luo, J. D. Sanchez- Yamagishi, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, E. Kaxiras, R. C. Ashoori, and P. Jarillo - Herrero, Correlated insulator behaviour at half -filling in magic -angle graphene superlattices, Nature (London)...

    2018

  27. [35]

    Y . Cao, V . Fatemi, S. Fang, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, E. Kaxiras, and P. Jarillo- Herrero, Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices, Nature (London) 556, 43 (2018)

    2018

  28. [36]

    Y . Wang, V . W. Brar, A. V . Shytov, Q. Wu, W. Regan, H.-Z. Tsai, A. Zettl, L. S. Levitov, and M. F. Crommie, Mapping Dirac quasiparticles near a single Coulomb impurity on graphene, Nat. Phys. 8, 653 (2012). Figures FIG. 1. Imaging a circular graphene p-p junction. (a) A 35 ...

    2012

Pith tools

Reviewed August 14, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.