Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails

As of 16 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 43 of 43 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2608.08641.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2608.08641 v1

Coverage vector

measured 43 of 43 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:05.794882Z

measured 43 of 43 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

43 of 43 outbound references displayed

verified exact5
verified fuzzy5
unresolved33
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
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External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 7d700aec-c21a-4259-af6d-544eb5f13106 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.585678Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 87b3bcc2-179d-449e-b1ce-c2cb7b5a3b52 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:05.632019Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 89919107-05a7-4ca4-b08d-b6e3a4034916 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.567518Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation bb2030ca-1727-440d-93cc-ad5b633f10a0 · outbound

This paper cites Jailbreaking Large Language Models with Symbolic Mathematics.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Jailbreaking Large Language Models with Symbolic Mathematics

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:05.640222Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7e27b860-2a1f-4d07-92db-820697c9a100 · outbound

This paper cites On Evaluating Adversarial Robustness.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails On Evaluating Adversarial Robustness

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:05.644759Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 71e7d0ff-6a65-46da-8e1e-bbd9a111c347 · outbound

This paper cites J.; Tram\` e r, F.; Hassani, H.; and Wong, E.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails J.; Tram\` e r, F.; Hassani, H.; and Wong, E

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.557880Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 65c1049b-66f8-4308-b3e5-5fc7bd2152c7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.247643Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 9f6c117f-c6ea-44c9-b29c-3d2e71319e57 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.189939Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation b1c98a0a-cdef-483a-947a-b337ca954661 · outbound

This paper cites Llama Guard 3 Vision: Safeguarding Human-AI Image Understanding Conversations.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Llama Guard 3 Vision: Safeguarding Human-AI Image Understanding Conversations

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:05.661690Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8df09ed2-fecc-439d-8447-65d49fa82a43 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.546923Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation e1b539eb-bb2f-48e4-8664-7cc801b90f9b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.536326Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 9605bee4-01e1-44f9-af44-c48d671129c1 · outbound

This paper cites S.; Chakraborty, S.; Singh, V.; Guan, T.; Wang, M.; Beirami, A.; Huang, F.; Velasquez, A.; Manocha, D.; and Bedi, A.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails S.; Chakraborty, S.; Singh, V.; Guan, T.; Wang, M.; Beirami, A.; Huang, F.; Velasquez, A.; Manocha, D.; and Bedi, A

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.524307Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation ef76b099-cfce-4ce9-b9e2-902d34fc73be · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.511925Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 9d7d7a36-f810-4fe5-980b-2daaf6154e63 · outbound

This paper cites T.; and Zhang, Y.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails T.; and Zhang, Y

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.500508Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 112b9ca7-a605-4853-bcf5-1d512909b5da · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.489433Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation e796b481-5d51-4aed-a3f9-1f1b7f71ce12 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.478577Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 68f86154-4358-4f3a-8e8b-d04858100138 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:05.689269Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e190abb4-6fd9-4997-a922-d006eee36a5d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.466751Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 28b5954b-e625-4cc6-9c40-868a55ec5fb0 · outbound

This paper cites X.; and Wen, J.-R.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails X.; and Wen, J.-R

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.455377Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 2ad1bfe1-0fbc-4a19-a3d4-6b748cc9801c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.444561Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation d0a49cd5-28b7-4c1a-8dd3-f827e2aaea84 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.432655Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 5406cb80-7385-4281-b593-fe17fda5472a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.420453Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 0e09b350-d1a2-40c0-9321-479612c7e50a · outbound

This paper cites The Attacker Moves Second: Stronger Adaptive Attacks Bypass Defenses Against Llm Jailbreaks and Prompt Injections.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails The Attacker Moves Second: Stronger Adaptive Attacks Bypass Defenses Against Llm Jailbreaks and Prompt Injections

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:05.712159Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c9ebf16d-3d7d-4ca7-a22a-07226d0345bc · outbound

This paper cites UniGuard: Towards Universal Safety Guardrails for Jailbreak Attacks on Multimodal Large Language Models.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails UniGuard: Towards Universal Safety Guardrails for Jailbreak Attacks on Multimodal Large Language Models

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:05.716475Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 834c8dd1-7582-4850-b1b4-983b9371f611 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.408746Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 8b0577c6-866b-41e9-aab1-afc0a4645554 · outbound

This paper cites Jailbreak in pieces: Compositional Adversarial Attacks on Multi-Modal Language Models.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Jailbreak in pieces: Compositional Adversarial Attacks on Multi-Modal Language Models

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:05.725212Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 90d75936-fa26-458a-aa62-008ee44ee530 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.397119Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 3ffbfde2-ff9b-4cbc-a8c2-f5f4f020f91a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.384451Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation be23aff3-f7d3-4569-bbc5-f367cb94a1c3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.372680Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 63b1e6da-8d8c-4dd9-9e76-7e7a8ce48084 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.361576Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 9b59172d-a4ef-4023-bb5b-1d6bbac8076a · outbound

This paper cites Implicit Jailbreak Attacks via Cross-Modal Information Concealment on Vision-Language Models.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Implicit Jailbreak Attacks via Cross-Modal Information Concealment on Vision-Language Models

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:05.746174Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ceea122d-b0e2-4f39-bad4-815874465842 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.020143Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 7c5cb7c9-ac5b-4f9f-a570-3bdcbb53c0d8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.350111Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 01b6f241-1ae7-4868-9adb-68bad58a3ada · outbound

This paper cites Unveiling the Safety of GPT-4o: An Empirical Study using Jailbreak Attacks.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unveiling the Safety of GPT-4o: An Empirical Study using Jailbreak Attacks

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:05.759434Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fc758ee4-53a5-4692-991b-616c7246b4af · outbound

This paper cites Attack Ensembles Expose a Safety-Utility Trade-off in Black-Box Guard Defenses Against Encoded VLM Jailbreaks.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Attack Ensembles Expose a Safety-Utility Trade-off in Black-Box Guard Defenses Against Encoded VLM Jailbreaks

Reference 35

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:05.945115Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation c52a508a-c01e-4915-97ec-43ac3e382613 · outbound

This paper cites Exposing LLM Safety Gaps Through Mathematical Encoding:New Attacks and Systematic Analysis.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Exposing LLM Safety Gaps Through Mathematical Encoding:New Attacks and Systematic Analysis

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:05.766813Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b3ca0353-594f-4e80-aad7-d9fe34ba6d2b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.337775Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 7020e03c-2d0c-481d-b4a1-daa23f58ca5a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:05.917621Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation b1b9a787-c100-4644-9582-962c6e82c417 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.323577Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 7146c729-75f1-4ca5-92e0-3b41ffea95ad · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.309383Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 82ecfd6b-b055-4c76-9fbb-56f046b79fea · outbound

This paper cites S.; and Guo, Q.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails S.; and Guo, Q

Reference 41

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.296388Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 29c3bfb9-7b12-4ec8-9597-dd868610c2fe · outbound

This paper cites Safety Fine-Tuning at (Almost) No Cost: A Baseline for Vision Large Language Models.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Safety Fine-Tuning at (Almost) No Cost: A Baseline for Vision Large Language Models

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:05.790457Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ccf65291-32e2-4399-9d22-a18e180a6a7a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Refusal Is It? The Unmeasured Contribution of Black-Box Multimodal Guardrails Unresolved cited work

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:34:06.282864Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.