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Domain wall interpretation of the PTA signal confronting black hole overproduction
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Recently, Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) collaborations have detected a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) at nano-Hz frequencies, with Domain Wall networks (DWs) proposed as potential sources. To be cosmologically viable, they must annihilate before dominating the universe energy budget, thus generating a SGWB. While sub-horizon DWs shrink and decay rapidly, causality requires DWs with super-horizon size to continue growing until they reach the Hubble horizon. Those entering the latest can be heavier than a Hubble patch and collapse into Primordial Black Holes (PBHs). We conduct a Bayesian analysis of the PTA signal, interpreting it as an outcome of SGWB from DW networks, with a prior ensuring no PBH overproduction. Our findings indicate that DWs result in the production of solar-mass PBHs. The binary mergers occurring within these PBHs generate a second SGWB in the kilo-Hz domain which could be observable in on-going or planned Earth-based interferometers.
Forward citations
Cited by 7 Pith papers
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Outcomes of Grand Unified Symmetry Breaking
Numerical SU(3) simulations find biased domain walls both absorb and produce magnetic monopoles, so wall collapse can leave residual monopoles and may source GWs or magnetically charged black holes.
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Population-biased domain wall networks annihilate at T_ann ~ T_s B_s^0.8 and emit a single-broken-power-law gravitational-wave spectrum peaking near twice the Hubble scale.
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Implications for Pulsar Timing Arrays of Sub-solar Black Hole Detections: From LVK to Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer
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NANOGrav 15-year gravitational-wave signals from binary supermassive black-holes seeded by primordial black holes, and implications for the origins of Little Red Dots
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