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What attracts to attractors?
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Whether, how, and to what extent solutions of Bjorken-expanding systems become insensitive to aspects of their initial conditions is of importance for heavy-ion collisions. Here we study 1+1D and phenomenologically relevant boost-invariant 3+1D systems in which initial conditions approach a universal attractor solution. In Israel-Stewart theory (IS) and kinetic theory where the universal attractor extends to arbitrarily early times, we show that all initial conditions approach the attractor at early times by a power-law while their approach is exponential at late times. In these theories, the physical mechanisms of hydrodynamization operational at late times do not drive the approach to the attractor at early times, and the early-time attractor is reached prior to hydrodynamization. In marked contrast, the attractor in strongly coupled systems is realized concurrent with hydrodynamization. This qualitative difference may offer a basis for discriminating weakly and strongly coupled scenarios of heavy-ion collisions.
Forward citations
Cited by 4 Pith papers
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Attractors Without Scaling: Adiabatic Hydrodynamization With and Without Inelastic Scattering
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A doctoral thesis deriving the QCD correlation functions that control quarkonium dissociation and recombination in the quark-gluon plasma, and showing that hydrodynamization in a simplified QCD kinetic theory matches ...
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Second- and higher-order hydrodynamic attractors converge to the same universal curve before the Navier-Stokes limit, with the leading correction controlled only by second-order coefficients.
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A rapid scattering-length sweep in a near-unitary Fermi gas produces an early-time attractor that is visible only in the joint (E, Π) state space, not in a single-variable curve.
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