Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study

As of 9 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 25 of 25 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2602.06371.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2602.06371 v2

Coverage vector

measured 25 of 25 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:21.249714Z

measured 26 of 26 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-07-30T20:24:34.634549Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

25 of 25 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy0
unresolved25
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation e5d51441-d2b6-4258-9712-8d0729462c8d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:19.765115Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0633cc3b-28d0-459b-9218-9d98a8b02002 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:19.806944Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2c244e2e-790b-4f9f-8a3b-7d33a06a4823 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:19.939511Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 23f1bc68-f881-4b07-92bc-d811a485199d · outbound

This paper cites R1dacted: Investigating Local Censorship in DeepSeek's R1 Language Model.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study R1dacted: Investigating Local Censorship in DeepSeek's R1 Language Model

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:19.988809Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 130e48d0-7e66-4df3-bb14-b295a455f647 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:19.999295Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a950acd2-7d6f-4307-9afa-c97750635f3c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:20.019828Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 77b92ae8-a2c0-456e-a118-d9433242b4d1 · outbound

This paper cites The political ideology of conversational AI: Converging evidence on ChatGPT's pro-environmental, left-libertarian orientation.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study The political ideology of conversational AI: Converging evidence on ChatGPT's pro-environmental, left-libertarian orientation

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:20.062415Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d54c4ff5-a481-4f9f-8574-76d196e041f9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:20.101964Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 07ea31e8-f5f3-4008-846e-64a85bdff410 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:20.161443Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7b717164-f4bd-4dd5-a116-a3cb1874ec64 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:20.187457Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 99338c2a-acf9-4e85-9a1e-193523a70fb7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:20.234501Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cd16b4af-916b-429a-8660-445c421ca5a4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:20.282130Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6df083e1-ee66-40d9-8b2d-6fca42f545d3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:20.318934Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 57fbddad-38c0-47dc-ae6f-ffe88ed3211c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:20.383008Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fb5c2a43-6f2b-405c-ade2-2e0532a941a5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:20.426908Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5feaaa4f-b4dc-43ad-8aa8-35391b8e5b5f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:20.482783Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 255b270d-191e-4e8c-9ad3-069cac8e9446 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:20.553783Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 435e6e9b-a07b-480b-95e0-29d44f11bc1e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:20.627299Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 897d8cab-c3c3-456e-add7-8cc21b5de53a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:20.669007Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f8861672-0a60-4069-ab7c-5ed6bdb899b9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:20.755022Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b82c4ba4-180d-40db-bd0e-cc99667170a0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:20.860567Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8a494fe8-f273-4f59-b497-c8c7ed4f82f3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:20.953468Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3a0c1391-dc27-491e-a871-4bc359d5d02f · outbound

This paper cites AGIEval: A Human-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Foundation Models.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study AGIEval: A Human-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Foundation Models

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:21.087147Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7d357f05-8f38-46e6-9eb3-a62421624fd0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:21.161511Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 70367787-d124-41ba-b037-60e5e1d13250 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T03:59:21.249714Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation d6bf9c6d-d199-47a6-9745-822c68bda407 · inbound

Auditing Alignment Controllability in LLMs via Political Axes cites this paper.

Auditing Alignment Controllability in LLMs via Political Axes Bilingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Taiwan Sovereignty Benchmark Study

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-07-30T20:24:34.634549Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.