The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment | Paper Citation Record

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This paper cites The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice.Science, 211(4481):453–458, 1981.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice.Science, 211(4481):453–458, 1981

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This paper cites Choices, values, and frames.American Psychologist, 39(4):341–350, 1984.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Choices, values, and frames.American Psychologist, 39(4):341–350, 1984

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This paper cites Levin, Sandra L.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Levin, Sandra L

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This paper cites A systematic review of risky-choice framing effects.EXCLI Journal, 22:1012–1031, 2023.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment A systematic review of risky-choice framing effects.EXCLI Journal, 22:1012–1031, 2023

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This paper cites Influence of wording and framing effects on moral intuitions.Ethology and Sociobiology, 17(3):145–171, 1996.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Influence of wording and framing effects on moral intuitions.Ethology and Sociobiology, 17(3):145–171, 1996

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This paper cites Order effects in moral judgment.Philosophical Psychology, 25(6):813–836,.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Order effects in moral judgment.Philosophical Psychology, 25(6):813–836,

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Unresolved cited work

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This paper cites Expertise in moral reasoning? order effects on moral judgment in professional philosophers and non-philosophers.Mind & Language, 27(2): 135–153, 2012.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Expertise in moral reasoning? order effects on moral judgment in professional philosophers and non-philosophers.Mind & Language, 27(2): 135–153, 2012

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This paper cites Philosophers’ biased judgments persist despite training, expertise and reflection.Cog- nition, 141:127–137, 2015.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Philosophers’ biased judgments persist despite training, expertise and reflection.Cog- nition, 141:127–137, 2015

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This paper cites Large lan- guage models show amplified cognitive biases in moral decision- making.Proc.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Large lan- guage models show amplified cognitive biases in moral decision- making.Proc

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Unresolved cited work

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This paper cites Robustness of large language models in moral judgements.Royal Society Open Science, 12 (4):241229, 2025.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Robustness of large language models in moral judgements.Royal Society Open Science, 12 (4):241229, 2025

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This paper cites The greatest good benchmark: Measuring LLMs’ alignment with utilitarian moral dilemmas.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment The greatest good benchmark: Measuring LLMs’ alignment with utilitarian moral dilemmas

Reference 13

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Murukannaiah, and Munindar P

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Unresolved cited work

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Varshney

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This paper cites Quantifying language models’ sensitivity to spurious features in prompt design or: How i learned to start worrying about prompt formatting.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Quantifying language models’ sensitivity to spurious features in prompt design or: How i learned to start worrying about prompt formatting

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This paper cites Large language models sensitivity to the order of options in multiple-choice questions.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Large language models sensitivity to the order of options in multiple-choice questions

Reference 18

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This paper cites doi: 10.18653/ v1/2024.findings-naacl.130.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment doi: 10.18653/ v1/2024.findings-naacl.130

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Large language models are not robust multiple choice selectors

Reference 20

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Questioning the survey responses of large language models

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This paper cites Do LLMs exhibit human-like response biases? a case study in survey design.Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 12:1011–1026, 2024.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Do LLMs exhibit human-like response biases? a case study in survey design.Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 12:1011–1026, 2024

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Political compass or spinning arrow? towards more meaningful evaluations for values and opinions in large language models

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This paper cites State of what art? a call for multi-prompt LLM evaluation.Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 12:933–949, 2024.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment State of what art? a call for multi-prompt LLM evaluation.Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 12:933–949, 2024

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Promptrobust: Towards evaluating the 12 robustness of large language models on adversarial prompts

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment In-context impersonation reveals large lan- guage models’ strengths and biases

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Aligning AI with shared human values

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Unresolved cited work

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Xing, Hao Zhang, Joseph E

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This paper cites Whose opinions do language models reflect? InProceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning, volume 202 ofPMLR, pages 29971–30004, 2023.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Whose opinions do language models reflect? InProceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning, volume 202 ofPMLR, pages 29971–30004, 2023

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment The effect of sampling temper- ature on problem solving in large language models

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment The good, the bad, and the greedy: Evaluation of LLMs should not ignore non-determinism

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Hashimoto, and Tobias Gerstenberg

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Moral foundations of large language models

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment The moral machine experiment on large language models.Royal Society Open Science, 11(2):231393,

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment When to make exceptions: Exploring language models as accounts of human moral judg- ment

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment MoralBench: Moral evaluation of LLMs, 2024

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Cronbach and Paul E

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Academic Press, New York, 1981

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Billiet and McKee J

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Krosnick and Duane F

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Nelder.Generalized Linear Models

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Danish Institute for Educational Research, Copenhagen, 1960

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Some latent trait models and their use in inferring an examinee’s ability

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Lord.Applications of Item Response Theory to Prac- tical Testing Problems

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Embretson and Steven P

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment large language models show amplified cogni- tive biases in moral decision-making

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Rothkopf, and Kristian Kersting

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Moral Mimicry: Large Language Models Produce Moral Rationalizations Tailored to Political Identity

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Language model alignment in multilingual trolley problems

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Who is GPT-3? An exploration of personality, values and demographics

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment The self-perception and po- litical biases of ChatGPT.Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2024:1–9, 2024

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment CMoralEval: A moral evaluation benchmark for Chinese large language mod- els

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Observation 31002f31-a1f0-4f43-aebe-f1949d73b862 · outbound

This paper cites Llm ethics benchmark: A three-dimensional assessment system for evaluating moral reasoning in large language models.Scientific Reports, 15:34642,.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Llm ethics benchmark: A three-dimensional assessment system for evaluating moral reasoning in large language models.Scientific Reports, 15:34642,

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Observation 51ce4003-83dd-4934-af91-f3bf2552f487 · outbound

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Unresolved cited work

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Evaluating moral beliefs across LLMs through a pluralistic framework

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Cultural value alignment in large language mod- els: A prompt-based analysis of Schwartz values in Gemini, ChatGPT, and DeepSeek, 2025

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Large language models are not fair evaluators

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Discovering language model behaviors with model-written evaluations

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Bowman, Newton Cheng, Esin Dur- mus, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Scott R

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Primacy effect of ChatGPT

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Observation eeb53616-f3d4-470e-bf51-5eea1023445d · outbound

This paper cites Prompt perturbations reveal human-like biases in large language model survey responses.arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.07188, 2025.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Prompt perturbations reveal human-like biases in large language model survey responses.arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.07188, 2025

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Acquiescence bias in large language models

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Observation b1a77a85-e5ee-45ae-bc4a-1bdeebc66494 · outbound

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Machine Psychology

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Using cognitive psychology to understand GPT-3.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sci- ences, 120(6):e2218523120, 2023

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Observation 92e1640f-3ee6-4ba0-b10c-791fb725852d · outbound

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Wang, and Eric Schulz

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Argyle, Ethan C

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Observation d5df5fb7-a630-4777-ba15-91fcc6b87043 · outbound

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Arriaga, and Adam Tauman Kalai

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Yeager, Christopher J

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This paper cites Talking about large language models.Com- munications of the ACM, 67(2):68–79, 2024.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Talking about large language models.Com- munications of the ACM, 67(2):68–79, 2024

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Unresolved cited work

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This paper cites Can AI language models replace human participants?Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 27(7):597–600, 2023.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Can AI language models replace human participants?Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 27(7):597–600, 2023

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This paper cites AI language model rivals expert ethicist in perceived moral expertise.Scientific Reports, 15:4084, 2025.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment AI language model rivals expert ethicist in perceived moral expertise.Scientific Reports, 15:4084, 2025

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Brady, Caelan Alexander, Michael Criner, Kara Queen, Javier Rando, Eddy Nahmias, and Victor Crespo

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This paper cites The moral machine experiment.Nature, 563(7729): 59–64, 2018.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment The moral machine experiment.Nature, 563(7729): 59–64, 2018

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Lechner, Claudia Wagner, Beatrice Rammstedt, and Markus Strohmaier

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This paper cites Ullman, Fernando Martinez-Plumed, Joshua B.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Ullman, Fernando Martinez-Plumed, Joshua B

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Unresolved cited work

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Bender, Amandalynne Paullada, Emily Denton, and Alex Hanna

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Do large language model benchmarks test reliability?, 2025

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Unresolved cited work

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This paper cites Lost in bench- marks? rethinking large language model benchmarking with item response theory.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Lost in bench- marks? rethinking large language model benchmarking with item response theory

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Establishing construct validity in LLM capa- bility benchmarks requires nomological networks, 2026

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Six fallacies in substituting large language models for human participants.Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 8(3), 2025

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This paper cites Being blind (or not) to scenarios used in sacrificial dilemmas: the influence of factual and contextual information on moral responses.Frontiers in Psychology, 15:1477825, 2024.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Being blind (or not) to scenarios used in sacrificial dilemmas: the influence of factual and contextual information on moral responses.Frontiers in Psychology, 15:1477825, 2024

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Cohen and Philip T

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Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-11T05:57:50.848679Z

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Observation 05d18de9-d304-4ec3-b088-5bf18abefd41 · outbound

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Christensen and Antoni Gomila

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Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-07-11T05:55:09.444392Z

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Observation f01e3ca9-f849-4248-a587-cbb3ff768ed6 · outbound

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The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Unresolved cited work

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Observation acee78f4-2177-41e4-87d0-c3da4c7335b2 · outbound

This paper cites How stable are moral judgments?Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 14(4): 1377–1403, 2023.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment How stable are moral judgments?Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 14(4): 1377–1403, 2023

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Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-11T05:57:50.871101Z

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Observation cf0f409d-f4ad-4926-8724-80851925f26b · outbound

This paper cites Discrepancies between judgment and choice of action in moral dilemmas.Frontiers in Psychology, 4:250, 2013.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment Discrepancies between judgment and choice of action in moral dilemmas.Frontiers in Psychology, 4:250, 2013

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Observation 825bca55-fa47-4372-87a9-4cd6c3ba6cb0 · outbound

This paper cites What we say and what we do: The relationship between real and hypothetical moral choices.

The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment What we say and what we do: The relationship between real and hypothetical moral choices

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Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-11T05:57:50.924746Z

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