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Cosmic Conundra Explained by Thermal History and Primordial Black Holes
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abstract
A universal mechanism may be responsible for several unresolved cosmic conundra. The sudden drop in the pressure of relativistic matter at $W^{\pm}/Z^{0}$ decoupling, the quark--hadron transition and $e^{+}e^{-}$ annihilation enhances the probability of primordial black hole (PBH) formation in the early Universe. Assuming the amplitude of the primordial curvature fluctuations is approximately scale-invariant, this implies a multi-modal PBH mass spectrum with peaks at $10^{-6}$, 1, 30, and $10^{6}\,M_{\odot}$. This suggests a unified PBH scenario which naturally explains the dark matter and recent microlensing observations, the LIGO/Virgo black hole mergers, the correlations in the cosmic infrared and X-ray backgrounds, and the origin of the supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei at high redshift. A distinctive prediction of our model is that LIGO/Virgo should observe black hole mergers in the mass gaps between 2 and $5\,M_{\odot}$ (where no stellar remnants are expected) and above $65\,M_{\odot}$ (where pair-instability supernovae occur) and low-mass-ratios in between. Therefore the recent detection of events GW190425, GW190814 and GW190521 with these features is striking confirmation of our prediction and may indicate a primordial origin for the black holes. In this case, the exponential sensitivity of the PBH abundance to the equation of state would offer a unique probe of the QCD phase transition. The detection of PBHs would also offer a novel way to probe the existence of new particles or phase transitions with energy between $1\,{\rm MeV}$ and $10^{10}\,$GeV.
Forward citations
Cited by 8 Pith papers
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The swallowed spike: the formation of light primordial black hole structures around heavy seeds
No torque mechanism studied supplies enough angular momentum for the innermost light-PBH shells around a heavy seed, so the spike core is swallowed and far less dense than a WIMP spike.
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The gravitational-wave fingerprint of dynamically assembled primordial black hole cluster seeds in JWST's Little Red Dots
Strongly clustered PBHs with a QCD-broad mass function form IMBH nuclei plus light-PBH swarms that assemble LRD-scale seeds in 10-50 Myr and radiate a truncated f^{2/3} GW background topped by a ringdown comb.
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Primordial Black Hole mass growth from neutrinos during the radiation era
PBHs of ~1e3–1e7 solar masses can significantly grow by absorbing neutrinos before matter-radiation equality.
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BinaryGFH-v2: Improved method to search for gravitational waves from sub-solar-mass, ultra-compact binaries using the Generalized Frequency-Hough Transform
BinaryGFH-v2 is a modified GFH method that can search for inspiraling binaries with chirp masses 0.01–0.1 solar masses, validated in Gaussian noise and projected to constrain PBH dark matter.
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Pregalactic globular cluster formation
Primordial black holes from the QCD phase transition could accrete dark matter and gas to form globular clusters before galaxies assemble.
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Primordial black hole induced gravitational waves in $f(R)$ gravity
In R^(1+ε) gravity, exponential growth of scalar perturbations during a PBH-driven early matter era enhances the induced gravitational wave signal, with Ω_GW ∝ f on large scales.
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Gravitational wave signatures of primordial black hole accretion during early matter domination
PBHs that form in a radiation era and accrete during an early matter era could produce a two-peak GW background detectable by LISA or BBO for asteroid-mass PBHs as all of dark matter.
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Parameter Estimation on LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA O4a Binary Merger Triggers with Sub-solar Mass Components
Bayesian re-analysis of the seven LVK O4a sub-solar-mass triggers finds three that are compatible with a sub-solar-mass component, though none rises to detection significance.
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