Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding

As of 16 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 39 of 39 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2411.13163.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2411.13163 v2

Coverage vector

measured 39 of 39 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.132018Z

measured 39 of 39 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

39 of 39 outbound references displayed

verified exact6
verified fuzzy16
unresolved14
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier3
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation be8b4030-0755-48ef-8e7b-f10717422aaa · outbound

This paper cites Minimizing Patient Burden Through the Use of Historical Subject-Level Data in Innovative Confirmatory Clinical Trials: Review of Methods and Opportunities.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Minimizing Patient Burden Through the Use of Historical Subject-Level Data in Innovative Confirmatory Clinical Trials: Review of Methods and Opportunities

Reference 1

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.458367Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation f4761c4e-2f92-4c99-9cae-c68aabe6701c · outbound

This paper cites Clinical Trial Data Sharing for COVID-19–Related Research.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Clinical Trial Data Sharing for COVID-19–Related Research

Reference 2

Resolution: malformed identifier; doi_truncated, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.442156Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 71fef3b7-9e95-4c27-aece-0cabbf914f6a · outbound

This paper cites Sharing Historical Trial Data to Accelerate Clinical Development.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Sharing Historical Trial Data to Accelerate Clinical Development

Reference 3

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.424249Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 56837a19-8808-4719-aaa9-edc4633f4e85 · outbound

This paper cites Unlocking the potential of patient data through responsible sharing – has anyone seen my keys? Med Writ.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Unlocking the potential of patient data through responsible sharing – has anyone seen my keys? Med Writ

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.861010Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation bc28a163-7653-48b4-aca8-a1dae6f2e528 · outbound

This paper cites Machine learning for healthcare that matters: Reorienting from technical novelty to equitable impact.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Machine learning for healthcare that matters: Reorienting from technical novelty to equitable impact

Reference 5

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.407118Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 01f7aeb7-b8f0-4235-937c-882e03f26020 · outbound

This paper cites Why digital medicine depends on interoperability.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Why digital medicine depends on interoperability

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.845094Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation c4dca0a1-c3ee-4791-aa36-b090e1ef0657 · outbound

This paper cites Augmented non-hallucinating large language models as medical information curators.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Augmented non-hallucinating large language models as medical information curators

Reference 7

Resolution: malformed identifier; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:57.965736Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e1e0fcec-2f1b-4c55-a8ab-78f996b029e1 · outbound

This paper cites Navigating Data-Centric Artificial Intelligence With DC-Check: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Navigating Data-Centric Artificial Intelligence With DC-Check: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:57.970977Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6fba819f-861b-4d70-b5f6-b3fd5bbfbf95 · outbound

This paper cites Data science in pharmaceutical R&D: the DISRUPT-DS industry roundtable.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Data science in pharmaceutical R&D: the DISRUPT-DS industry roundtable

Reference 9

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.378470Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 2133b39c-4144-4d1f-8968-0a8b807ed952 · outbound

This paper cites Accessed September 23, 2024.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Accessed September 23, 2024

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.829023Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 9c040cfb-c359-475e-8281-0602e3bf59c2 · outbound

This paper cites The Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA).

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding The Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA)

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:57.986592Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6a8b828a-7a4f-4dfa-a2b1-f302170b8982 · outbound

This paper cites PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:57.992330Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6633726f-2475-409c-b0eb-aa5a3dbb718e · outbound

This paper cites Large language models encode clinical knowledge.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Large language models encode clinical knowledge

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:57.997875Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5aa0eec9-1abc-4ffc-bd30-4d00da0b8582 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models as Optimizers.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Large Language Models as Optimizers

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.812290Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation e1ca1436-8d5a-4ba5-87dc-b2062068d85a · outbound

This paper cites Curated LLM: Synergy of LLMs and Data Curation for tabular augmentation in low-data regimes.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Curated LLM: Synergy of LLMs and Data Curation for tabular augmentation in low-data regimes

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.796129Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 44c04971-23d3-4053-8f13-3f089deb2625 · outbound

This paper cites Accessed September 23, 2024.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Accessed September 23, 2024

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.779242Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 0bdf97d5-ab30-49ad-8f1c-182568ae3ba2 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models Are Poor Medical Coders — Benchmarking of Medical Code Querying.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Large Language Models Are Poor Medical Coders — Benchmarking of Medical Code Querying

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.018229Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 41c53e25-24ba-437c-b0d8-f1c4ea48e123 · outbound

This paper cites Benchmarking Large Language Models for Extraction of International Classification of Diseases Codes from Clinical Documentation.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Benchmarking Large Language Models for Extraction of International Classification of Diseases Codes from Clinical Documentation

Reference 18

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.329223Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 34007dd9-21a3-4796-a16d-a1653baa2a39 · outbound

This paper cites Can Large Language Models abstract Medical Coded Language?.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Can Large Language Models abstract Medical Coded Language?

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.027955Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ee9db274-6580-4991-a46e-72e880079c8c · outbound

This paper cites CliBench: A Multifaceted and Multigranular Evaluation of Large Language Models for Clinical Decision Making.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding CliBench: A Multifaceted and Multigranular Evaluation of Large Language Models for Clinical Decision Making

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.033699Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 20f7f29a-5ea1-4ec9-b304-197b38d7914b · outbound

This paper cites Redefining Health Care Data Interoperability: Empirical Exploration of Large Language Models in Information Exchange.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Redefining Health Care Data Interoperability: Empirical Exploration of Large Language Models in Information Exchange

Reference 21

Resolution: malformed identifier; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.038958Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2e379d3c-af41-48ae-86f7-ce65db6c6cba · outbound

This paper cites Large language models are good medical coders, if provided with tools.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Large language models are good medical coders, if provided with tools

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.043952Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 08f0a562-b1d3-4fc7-9db6-0150e17eb54e · outbound

This paper cites Multi-stage Retrieve and Re-rank Model for Automatic Medical Coding Recommendation.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Multi-stage Retrieve and Re-rank Model for Automatic Medical Coding Recommendation

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.049257Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 15fe996c-d8bf-4f0c-8bfa-e6ed93d97a6d · outbound

This paper cites The Shift from Models to Compound AI Systems.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding The Shift from Models to Compound AI Systems

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.763018Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 64b3d246-6561-44f1-ba50-910f60df06c1 · outbound

This paper cites BM25S: Orders of magnitude faster lexical search via eager sparse scoring.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding BM25S: Orders of magnitude faster lexical search via eager sparse scoring

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.059073Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b57e7864-3c3b-4a85-af2c-575c279a0855 · outbound

This paper cites Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.747375Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 874f109e-17da-4db0-a710-dcd6210cc37c · outbound

This paper cites Accessed October 1, 2024.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Accessed October 1, 2024

Reference 27

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.731059Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation c9955d11-5c5e-4006-a75d-3e43bc0893b4 · outbound

This paper cites Accessed October 1, 2024.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Accessed October 1, 2024

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.713954Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 7cdd4f74-cba0-4d22-83d0-70f5ba883355 · outbound

This paper cites A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inference.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inference

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.079824Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation addb34b6-c816-4ee5-8e07-a3c990d7528e · outbound

This paper cites Are Machines Better at Complex Reasoning? Unveiling Human-Machine Inference Gaps in Entailment Verification.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Are Machines Better at Complex Reasoning? Unveiling Human-Machine Inference Gaps in Entailment Verification

Reference 30

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.206854Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 73a269d0-1b36-46bf-bc35-6a07ad599bb0 · outbound

This paper cites Self-Evaluation Improves Selective Generation in Large Language Models.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Self-Evaluation Improves Selective Generation in Large Language Models

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.698049Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation cd1f6ad4-2c96-4385-8b06-cdd0dff6ca81 · outbound

This paper cites Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Know.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Know

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.095072Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 88ca8fec-2a99-4301-bbd3-12b3948939b9 · outbound

This paper cites Just Ask for Calibration: Strategies for Eliciting Calibrated Confidence Scores from Language Models Fine-Tuned with Human Feedback.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Just Ask for Calibration: Strategies for Eliciting Calibrated Confidence Scores from Language Models Fine-Tuned with Human Feedback

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.100215Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 299826e5-2acb-4254-8384-76197410a62d · outbound

This paper cites Algorithmic Learning in a Random World.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Algorithmic Learning in a Random World

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.105511Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5a81b30e-77d6-48f3-9beb-35b94dc8b4d7 · outbound

This paper cites Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge- Intensive NLP Tasks.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge- Intensive NLP Tasks

Reference 35

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.680951Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation b652ab7d-ae31-4a2c-9d65-c2d67f566f32 · outbound

This paper cites DSPy: Compiling Declarative Language Model Calls into State-of-the-Art Pipelines.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding DSPy: Compiling Declarative Language Model Calls into State-of-the-Art Pipelines

Reference 36

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.665031Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 31e625e7-1347-482c-8eca-5b7e363f581e · outbound

This paper cites Let 𝑝(𝑦true|𝑥) represent the ALIGN code confidence score (i.e.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding Let 𝑝(𝑦true|𝑥) represent the ALIGN code confidence score (i.e

Reference 37

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.648866Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 9b982595-9bd3-4a5e-abaa-0a8a5e96e285 · outbound

This paper cites This quantile q̂ represents the threshold at which we can ensure the desired coverage (e.g., 95%).

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding This quantile q̂ represents the threshold at which we can ensure the desired coverage (e.g., 95%)

Reference 38

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.629723Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 40164b14-f0cf-47f3-8d9d-7767e51c0ec7 · outbound

This paper cites The prediction set 𝐶(𝑥test) is constructed by including all predicted candidate codes 𝑦i where the confidence score exceeds the threshold 1− q̂ i.e.

Unlocking Historical Clinical Trial Data with ALIGN: A Compositional Large Language Model System for Medical Coding The prediction set 𝐶(𝑥test) is constructed by including all predicted candidate codes 𝑦i where the confidence score exceeds the threshold 1− q̂ i.e

Reference 39

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T16:49:58.613401Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.