Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences

As of 21 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 19 of 19 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.23743.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.23743 v2

Coverage vector

measured 19 of 19 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:33.924008Z

measured 19 of 19 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

19 of 19 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy9
unresolved10
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 9ad84688-2236-48fd-8963-c7cfaf2ba6b7 · outbound

This paper cites Phi-4-Mini Technical Report: Compact yet Powerful Multimodal Language Models via Mixture-of-LoRAs.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences Phi-4-Mini Technical Report: Compact yet Powerful Multimodal Language Models via Mixture-of-LoRAs

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:31.493107Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c1a6316a-5614-434f-80b5-7aa126aa5e22 · outbound

This paper cites Testing chatgpt for stability and reasoning: A case study using ital- ian medical specialty tests.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences Testing chatgpt for stability and reasoning: A case study using ital- ian medical specialty tests

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:36.068238Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 7e2d3967-2fb9-48c6-ace9-f5ea2312b78d · outbound

This paper cites Neural learning for question an- swering in italian.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences Neural learning for question an- swering in italian

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:35.933145Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation cc83b72e-2af6-413d-8a08-4bd1fc84b207 · outbound

This paper cites Questioning the sur- vey responses of large language models.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences Questioning the sur- vey responses of large language models

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:35.847619Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 64863602-e681-4ba3-9628-e60dbbd55854 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:31.967283Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 28fdfb7c-9a77-4175-bc0f-d06c3bda31cf · outbound

This paper cites Anchored Answers: Unravelling Positional Bias in GPT-2's Multiple-Choice Questions.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences Anchored Answers: Unravelling Positional Bias in GPT-2's Multiple-Choice Questions

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:32.129254Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4fe3c2b3-7f10-4faa-a306-e97824271c30 · outbound

This paper cites Split and merge: Aligning position biases in llm-based evaluators.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences Split and merge: Aligning position biases in llm-based evaluators

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:35.680155Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 53a13862-a8b9-4eb9-b719-ac8d4731bf8a · outbound

This paper cites WebGPT: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedback.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences WebGPT: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedback

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:32.447659Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fbe8710d-a308-4045-9c04-27db0edb04ce · outbound

This paper cites SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:32.593394Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fba5ebca-46e4-42c2-bdc2-ad7e49e6a235 · outbound

This paper cites Judging the judges: A systematic investigation of position bias in pairwise comparative assess- ments by llms.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences Judging the judges: A systematic investigation of position bias in pairwise comparative assess- ments by llms

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:32.785262Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c8802028-5931-418c-acb1-680cc8f53f45 · outbound

This paper cites Winning ar- guments: Interaction dynamics and persuasion strategies in good-faith online discussions.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences Winning ar- guments: Interaction dynamics and persuasion strategies in good-faith online discussions

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:35.425185Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 1b8dd2d6-b057-46e8-bbfe-897356d3cc4e · outbound

This paper cites Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:33.089327Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2d9e0af4-cf64-4206-81f9-9d0f14786d88 · outbound

This paper cites Gemma 3 Technical Report.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences Gemma 3 Technical Report

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:33.193686Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation da82d136-9d83-4fad-a508-c63f5da2db3e · outbound

This paper cites Large language models are not fair eval- uators.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences Large language models are not fair eval- uators

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:35.196498Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation c548e414-1622-40ef-8342-b2143b90d8c3 · outbound

This paper cites Eliminating Position Bias of Language Models: A Mechanistic Approach.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences Eliminating Position Bias of Language Models: A Mechanistic Approach

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:33.430034Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c3da2d13-084a-4390-8794-7293beed5a2e · outbound

This paper cites Chawla, and Xiangliang Zhang.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences Chawla, and Xiangliang Zhang

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:34.942025Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 272fbc5e-e3d7-47d9-a940-4544936c0226 · outbound

This paper cites Large language mod- els are not robust multiple choice selectors.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences Large language mod- els are not robust multiple choice selectors

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:34.750544Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 8751e8d1-2a29-493a-a950-1f3e8d980f66 · outbound

This paper cites Judging llm-as-a-judge with mt- bench and chatbot arena.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences Judging llm-as-a-judge with mt- bench and chatbot arena

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:34.507252Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 3dbe5c22-4bc2-41fb-9ee5-59f743632406 · outbound

This paper cites JudgeLM: Fine-tuned Large Language Models are Scalable Judges.

Positional Bias in Binary Question Answering: How Uncertainty Shapes Model Preferences JudgeLM: Fine-tuned Large Language Models are Scalable Judges

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T21:40:33.924008Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.