Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs

As of 19 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 42 of 42 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2505.01449.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.01449 v1

Coverage vector

measured 42 of 42 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.922358Z

measured 42 of 42 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

42 of 42 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy9
unresolved32
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier1
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation a385e7cb-d4b9-4510-8355-8dc0aa96e912 · outbound

This paper cites LLM2Vec: Large Language Models Are Secretly Powerful Text Encoders.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs LLM2Vec: Large Language Models Are Secretly Powerful Text Encoders

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.757884Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e88622bb-574f-4644-be17-1726236e2ebb · outbound

This paper cites D., Dhariwal, P., Neelakantan, A., Shyam, P., Sastry, G., Askell, A., et al.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs D., Dhariwal, P., Neelakantan, A., Shyam, P., Sastry, G., Askell, A., et al

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.763497Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f2c84246-4652-4eec-9841-9245ed1cb267 · outbound

This paper cites Data shunt: Collaboration of small and large models for lower costs and better performance.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Data shunt: Collaboration of small and large models for lower costs and better performance

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:38.517451Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation c0cb4af4-4dd5-4315-9032-1698df4ffbf0 · outbound

This paper cites FrugalGPT: How to Use Large Language Models While Reducing Cost and Improving Performance.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs FrugalGPT: How to Use Large Language Models While Reducing Cost and Improving Performance

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.772377Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 40f5eb59-1ff3-48f4-8657-8751caa0125c · outbound

This paper cites Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challenge.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challenge

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.777071Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation af3f61b0-6d9c-4196-a97f-c0aea987ef57 · outbound

This paper cites Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.781727Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 50e178ac-8538-43da-bfa0-e06b413eae77 · outbound

This paper cites Qlora: Efficient finetuning of quantized llms.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Qlora: Efficient finetuning of quantized llms

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.786544Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b48b4569-b540-4870-98d4-5db4bb55d2fd · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.790502Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5b3048f0-41ac-45e5-baa7-7ad496a900d7 · outbound

This paper cites Alphazero-like Tree-Search can Guide Large Language Model Decoding and Training.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Alphazero-like Tree-Search can Guide Large Language Model Decoding and Training

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.794174Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 559253ee-d7fd-46e6-933d-81ac07baae7a · outbound

This paper cites Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.798240Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1978347e-9f75-4832-8dd5-e4aedf68fe43 · outbound

This paper cites Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.802245Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5600ccf9-079b-4800-9695-e1ef08accd50 · outbound

This paper cites Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.805904Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 64c55efa-9b7c-41f0-b34a-6f83ad2dfe98 · outbound

This paper cites A., Welbl, J., Clark, A., et al.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs A., Welbl, J., Clark, A., et al

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:38.496130Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 5de80a18-fc33-477e-9c96-a4dd8725b6d5 · outbound

This paper cites LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.812632Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 86a46550-d776-4f6c-a424-04b5ca98f1c8 · outbound

This paper cites RouterBench: A Benchmark for Multi-LLM Routing System.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs RouterBench: A Benchmark for Multi-LLM Routing System

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.815957Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 36d51cec-536e-4d00-aa7f-78dd62081756 · outbound

This paper cites Mistral 7B.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Mistral 7B

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.819798Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4be3fc77-cf12-42ea-b099-94dbbf050d25 · outbound

This paper cites Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.823113Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7d8e7153-be8b-4fd0-a777-74b0ce6c0253 · outbound

This paper cites The power of scale for parameter-efficient prompt tuning.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs The power of scale for parameter-efficient prompt tuning

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.826917Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 172f1c0d-1f03-49b3-92c3-6b44fb397a58 · outbound

This paper cites Let's Verify Step by Step.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Let's Verify Step by Step

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.830382Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b48b2aec-c63b-4f1a-9bc0-cd2853c4d175 · outbound

This paper cites Grammar-aligned decoding, 2024.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Grammar-aligned decoding, 2024

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.833786Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 612d5170-2809-4e1d-b958-5faa28ce1d64 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2 technical report.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Qwen2 technical report

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:38.483289Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 4e38f7b1-7f04-43da-abae-f4e2350c4d9c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:38.471118Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 11932654-76ed-4a38-9ef7-889c64d850eb · outbound

This paper cites Rethinking neural operations for diverse tasks.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Rethinking neural operations for diverse tasks

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:38.459216Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 9e17a3da-30cc-491c-b621-b6aa385e7489 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:38.446281Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 197fc689-0a2c-4572-bea1-598284974168 · outbound

This paper cites The probabilistic relevance framework: Bm25 and beyond.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs The probabilistic relevance framework: Bm25 and beyond

Reference 25

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:38.433424Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation f1019de0-c494-4423-a481-935e171695da · outbound

This paper cites Observational Scaling Laws and the Predictability of Language Model Performance.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Observational Scaling Laws and the Predictability of Language Model Performance

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.858238Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0d3de6b5-2bcf-4169-a928-c7c2aafe95b1 · outbound

This paper cites Archon: An Architecture Search Framework for Inference-Time Techniques.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Archon: An Architecture Search Framework for Inference-Time Techniques

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.862428Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bffae0c5-125f-4957-b64b-0b89d7876a43 · outbound

This paper cites L., Bhagavatula, C., and Choi, Y.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs L., Bhagavatula, C., and Choi, Y

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:38.421652Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 21f2a752-e6aa-44f0-8390-f0bbc851c28f · outbound

This paper cites Fly-swat or cannon? cost-effective language model choice via meta- modeling.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Fly-swat or cannon? cost-effective language model choice via meta- modeling

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:38.409892Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation baef6bec-0199-4e96-8e23-a3a8148a085d · outbound

This paper cites M., Staten, C., Khodak, M., Neubig, G., and Talwalkar, A.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs M., Staten, C., Khodak, M., Neubig, G., and Talwalkar, A

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:38.396486Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 1c8cc3be-1655-41f4-b1a2-7e0348838187 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Model Routing with Benchmark Datasets.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Large Language Model Routing with Benchmark Datasets

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.877990Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation de813f25-8b4f-48be-909c-aaee25482f34 · outbound

This paper cites Scaling LLM Test-Time Compute Optimally can be More Effective than Scaling Model Parameters.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Scaling LLM Test-Time Compute Optimally can be More Effective than Scaling Model Parameters

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.882058Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 69d8d470-5558-44dd-8cab-4694183abc19 · outbound

This paper cites Fine-Tuning and Prompt Optimization: Two Great Steps that Work Better Together.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Fine-Tuning and Prompt Optimization: Two Great Steps that Work Better Together

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.885957Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cafeccec-5e79-48db-8b0b-010a079f09f7 · outbound

This paper cites Chain-of-Thought Reasoning Without Prompting.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Chain-of-Thought Reasoning Without Prompting

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.890249Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bc5a8f8a-96e0-4414-8d82-7aba5ad95225 · outbound

This paper cites Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learners.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learners

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.894403Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6c532b69-f397-4571-a496-a5b23b49873c · outbound

This paper cites V ., Zhou, D., et al.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs V ., Zhou, D., et al

Reference 36

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:38.382643Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation cbb915af-e343-4c3a-a9c7-0b98dac65a6a · outbound

This paper cites From Decoding to Meta-Generation: Inference-time Algorithms for Large Language Models.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs From Decoding to Meta-Generation: Inference-time Algorithms for Large Language Models

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.903172Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ce00ad48-d923-4f11-97ea-9ee4e8ea4d92 · outbound

This paper cites PIXIU: A Large Language Model, Instruction Data and Evaluation Benchmark for Finance.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs PIXIU: A Large Language Model, Instruction Data and Evaluation Benchmark for Finance

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.907493Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f473890c-8ac1-406e-9ad1-48edb6e233ec · outbound

This paper cites Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Models.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Models

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.911693Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 73c8174f-1a55-42eb-94b2-cddd25d5d5a7 · outbound

This paper cites Hyper-Parameter Optimization: A Review of Algorithms and Applications.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Hyper-Parameter Optimization: A Review of Algorithms and Applications

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.915157Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 348fadd8-14d8-43b7-8563-4927146f2b48 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Model Cascades with Mixture of Thoughts Representations for Cost-efficient Reasoning.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs Large Language Model Cascades with Mixture of Thoughts Representations for Cost-efficient Reasoning

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.918676Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 65e71986-e44f-4b33-813b-461c209e08db · outbound

This paper cites HellaSwag: Can a Machine Really Finish Your Sentence?.

COSMOS: Predictable and Cost-Effective Adaptation of LLMs HellaSwag: Can a Machine Really Finish Your Sentence?

Reference 42

Resolution: malformed identifier; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:17:37.922358Z

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Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.