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The Cosmological Kibble Mechanism in the Laboratory: String Formation in Liquid Crystals
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The Cosmological Kibble Mechanism in the Laboratory: String Formation in Liquid Crystals
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We have observed the production of strings (disclination lines and loops) via the Kibble mechanism of domain (bubble) formation in the isotropic to nematic phase transition of a sample of uniaxial nematic liquid crystal. The probablity of string formation per bubble is measured to be $0.33 \pm 0.01$. This is in good agreement with the theoretical value $1/ \pi$ expected in two dimensions for the order parameter space $S^2/{\bf Z}_2$ of a simple uniaxial nematic liquid crystal.
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