Experiments reveal that bubble nucleation at the solidification front is controlled by a characteristic time set by competing gas diffusion, nucleation kinetics, growth, and front advance, allowing estimation of the critical gas concentration in carbonated water.
Zhang, Nucleation, growth, transport, and entrapment of inclusions during steel casting, Journal of Metals65, 1138 (2013)
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Coupled gas and bubble dynamics at the solidification front
Experiments reveal that bubble nucleation at the solidification front is controlled by a characteristic time set by competing gas diffusion, nucleation kinetics, growth, and front advance, allowing estimation of the critical gas concentration in carbonated water.