A unified benchmark of 24 black-box UE methods for LLMs finds no universal winner but favors methods that reason over answer candidates and hybrid combinations of signals.
Don’t miss the forest for the trees: In-depth confidence estimation for llms via reasoning over the answer space.arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.14275, 2025
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A Systematic Evaluation of Black-Box Uncertainty Estimation Methods for Large Language Models
A unified benchmark of 24 black-box UE methods for LLMs finds no universal winner but favors methods that reason over answer candidates and hybrid combinations of signals.