Impact and radiation models show only 1 ppm of microbes survive on Phobos and 100 ppm on Deimos, yielding contamination probabilities two orders of magnitude below COSPAR limits for 30 g, 10 cm samples.
The microbial column density immediately after the formation of the thin global layer σthin0 can be estimated as follows: σthin0 = ξavenMR&1−ψave(Mp,total,aveSmoon
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Assessment of the probability of microbial contamination for sample return from Martian moons II: The fate of microbes on Martian moons
Impact and radiation models show only 1 ppm of microbes survive on Phobos and 100 ppm on Deimos, yielding contamination probabilities two orders of magnitude below COSPAR limits for 30 g, 10 cm samples.