A time-dependent model of stellar evolution and wind shocks shows collective winds of massive star clusters dominate the PeV knee and explain the common spectral break in protons and helium.
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Simulations show that drift dominance over diffusion can create a knee at PeV energies if parallel diffusion becomes energy-independent above 1 TeV, though some setups fail to match observed grammage.
citing papers explorer
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Collective Winds of Massive Star Clusters as the Dominant PeVatrons for Galactic Cosmic Rays
A time-dependent model of stellar evolution and wind shocks shows collective winds of massive star clusters dominate the PeV knee and explain the common spectral break in protons and helium.
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Transition from Diffusion to Drift-Dominated Cosmic Ray Transport and the Origin of the Knee
Simulations show that drift dominance over diffusion can create a knee at PeV energies if parallel diffusion becomes energy-independent above 1 TeV, though some setups fail to match observed grammage.