Thermal plasma nonlinearities impose a stiff saturation level on toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes, driving frequency decrease via phase-space zonal structures until continuum merging occurs, with zonal fields enhancing saturation by a factor of two.
However, in this case, the effect of PSZS on TAE is significantly counteracted, leading to enhance- ment of the saturation level of TAE from eδϕn/Te ∼ 0.1 to eδϕn/Te ∼ 0.2
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On nonlinear saturation of toroidal Alfv\'en eigenmode due to thermal plasma nonlinearities
Thermal plasma nonlinearities impose a stiff saturation level on toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes, driving frequency decrease via phase-space zonal structures until continuum merging occurs, with zonal fields enhancing saturation by a factor of two.