Surfaces with canonical map of odd degree

Let $S$ be a smooth complex minimal surface of general type with $p_g:=h^0(K_S)\ge 4$ whose canonical map is generically finite of odd degree $d>1$ onto a surface $\Sigma$. We assume that the general canonical curve of $S$ is smooth and that $\Sigma$ is ruled by lines, and we prove: - $p_g\le d+2$ - $\Sigma$ is a cone over the rational normal curve of degree $p_g-2$ in ${\mathbb P}^{p_g-1}$ - $p_g=d+2$ can occur only for $d=3,9,11$. As a byproduct, we refine previous results by Beauville and Xiao by proving that if one drops the assumption that $\Sigma$ is ruled by lines then $d\le 5$ if $p_g\ge 112$. The case $d=3$ being completely classified by the first two named authors, we focus on $d=5$, showing that $p_g\le 5$ and that for $p_g=5$ the surface $S$ has a pencil $|C|$ with $C^2=1$ and $K_SC=5$. These results suggest that the answer to the question whether the surfaces with canonical map of odd degree $d>1$ have bounded invariants could be positive, in sharp contrast with the case of even degree.