LLaDA is a scalable diffusion-based language model that matches autoregressive LLMs like LLaMA3 8B on tasks and surpasses GPT-4o on reversal poem completion.
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CMMLU: Measuring massive multitask language understanding in Chinese
Tool reference. 88% of classified Pith citations use this work as a method, library, or software dependency, not as a substantive claim.
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abstract
As the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, evaluating their performance becomes increasingly crucial and challenging. This paper aims to bridge this gap by introducing CMMLU, a comprehensive Chinese benchmark that covers various subjects, including natural science, social sciences, engineering, and humanities. We conduct a thorough evaluation of 18 advanced multilingual- and Chinese-oriented LLMs, assessing their performance across different subjects and settings. The results reveal that most existing LLMs struggle to achieve an average accuracy of 50%, even when provided with in-context examples and chain-of-thought prompts, whereas the random baseline stands at 25%. This highlights significant room for improvement in LLMs. Additionally, we conduct extensive experiments to identify factors impacting the models' performance and propose directions for enhancing LLMs. CMMLU fills the gap in evaluating the knowledge and reasoning capabilities of large language models within the Chinese context.
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representative citing papers
A new benchmark dataset drawn from Japan's National Assessment of Academic Ability supplies real exam layouts, diagrams, Japanese text, and nationwide student response distributions for evaluating multimodal LLMs.
ProHist-Bench shows that even state-of-the-art LLMs struggle with complex historical research questions requiring evidentiary reasoning, based on 400 questions and 10,891 rubrics from the Keju system.
PRIMETIME generator reveals that LLM datetime parsing and arithmetic primitives are individually unreliable but fully learnable via fine-tuning, enabling frontier-level accuracy on event planning with small LoRA models.
DeepSeek-V2 delivers top-tier open-source LLM performance using only 21B active parameters by compressing the KV cache 93.3% and cutting training costs 42.5% via MLA and DeepSeekMoE.
MONA integrates Nesterov acceleration into Muon's orthogonalization framework, reporting better convergence than Muon and AdamW on MoE models up to 68B parameters trained on 1T tokens and SOTA fine-tuning results.
FINESSE-Bench is a new hierarchical benchmark suite combining certification-style exams, trading tasks, and a Russian olympiad set to evaluate LLMs on financial competencies at multiple difficulty levels.
MiniCPM-o 4.5 uses the Omni-Flow streaming framework to deliver real-time full-duplex omni-modal interaction with proactive behavior in a 9B model that approaches Gemini 2.5 Flash performance.
Changing the internal reasoning structure of large reasoning models through simple supervised fine-tuning on 1K examples produces strong safety alignment that generalizes across tasks and languages.
LLaDA2.0 scales discrete diffusion language models to 100B parameters via systematic conversion from autoregressive models using a 3-phase WSD training scheme and releases open-source 16B and 100B MoE variants.
InternVL3.5 advances open-source multimodal models with Cascade RL for +16% reasoning gains and ViR for 4x inference speedup, with the 241B model reaching SOTA among open-source MLLMs on multimodal, reasoning, and agentic tasks.
MoE models with activation rates in an optimal region outperform dense LLMs of identical total parameter count, training compute, and data budget, with the optimal region consistent across scales.
InternVL3-78B sets a new open-source SOTA of 72.2 on MMMU via native joint multimodal pre-training, V2PE, MPO, and test-time scaling while remaining competitive with proprietary models.
NSA is a hardware-aligned sparse attention mechanism that enables end-to-end trainable long-context modeling by combining coarse token compression with fine-grained selection.
HuatuoGPT-o1 achieves superior medical complex reasoning by using a verifier to curate reasoning trajectories for fine-tuning and then applying RL with verifier-based rewards.
InternVL 2.5 is the first open-source MLLM to surpass 70% on the MMMU benchmark via model, data, and test-time scaling, with a 3.7-point gain from chain-of-thought reasoning.
P-RoPE combines local periodic RoPE with SWA and global NoPE layers to enable infinite context without extrapolation, shown in MiniWin outperforming standard GPT setups.
Dense2MoE unifies pruning of attention modules with upcycling of MLPs into MoE experts to produce on-device LLMs that improve the latency-accuracy Pareto frontier.
Pruning pretrained MoE models outperforms training from scratch under fixed budget, different expert compression methods converge after continued training, and progressive pruning plus multi-token KD improves the final 23A2B model.
MiMo-V2-Flash is a 309B/15B MoE model trained on 27T tokens with hybrid attention and multi-teacher on-policy distillation that matches larger models like DeepSeek-V3.2 while enabling 2.6x faster decoding via repurposed MTP layers.
Kimi K2 is a 1-trillion-parameter MoE model that leads open-source non-thinking models on agentic benchmarks including 65.8 on SWE-Bench Verified and 66.1 on Tau2-Bench.
DeepSeekMoE 2B matches GShard 2.9B performance and approaches a dense 2B model; the 16B version matches LLaMA2-7B at 40% compute by using fine-grained expert segmentation plus shared experts.
Yi models are 6B and 34B open foundation models pretrained on 3.1T curated tokens that achieve strong benchmark results through data quality and targeted extensions like long context and vision alignment.
DeepSeek LLM 67B exceeds LLaMA-2 70B on code, mathematics and reasoning benchmarks after pre-training on 2 trillion tokens and alignment via SFT and DPO.
citing papers explorer
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Large Language Diffusion Models
LLaDA is a scalable diffusion-based language model that matches autoregressive LLMs like LLaMA3 8B on tasks and surpasses GPT-4o on reversal poem completion.
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Human-Grounded Multimodal Benchmark with 900K-Scale Aggregated Student Response Distributions from Japan's National Assessment of Academic Ability
A new benchmark dataset drawn from Japan's National Assessment of Academic Ability supplies real exam layouts, diagrams, Japanese text, and nationwide student response distributions for evaluating multimodal LLMs.
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Can LLMs Act as Historians? Evaluating Historical Research Capabilities of LLMs via the Chinese Imperial Examination
ProHist-Bench shows that even state-of-the-art LLMs struggle with complex historical research questions requiring evidentiary reasoning, based on 400 questions and 10,891 rubrics from the Keju system.
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PRIMETIME : Limits of LLMs in Temporal Primitives
PRIMETIME generator reveals that LLM datetime parsing and arithmetic primitives are individually unreliable but fully learnable via fine-tuning, enabling frontier-level accuracy on event planning with small LoRA models.
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DeepSeek-V2: A Strong, Economical, and Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Language Model
DeepSeek-V2 delivers top-tier open-source LLM performance using only 21B active parameters by compressing the KV cache 93.3% and cutting training costs 42.5% via MLA and DeepSeekMoE.
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MONA: Muon Optimizer with Nesterov Acceleration for Scalable Language Model Training
MONA integrates Nesterov acceleration into Muon's orthogonalization framework, reporting better convergence than Muon and AdamW on MoE models up to 68B parameters trained on 1T tokens and SOTA fine-tuning results.
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FINESSE-Bench: A Hierarchical Benchmark Suite for Financial Domain Knowledge and Technical Analysis in Large Language Models
FINESSE-Bench is a new hierarchical benchmark suite combining certification-style exams, trading tasks, and a Russian olympiad set to evaluate LLMs on financial competencies at multiple difficulty levels.
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MiniCPM-o 4.5: Towards Real-Time Full-Duplex Omni-Modal Interaction
MiniCPM-o 4.5 uses the Omni-Flow streaming framework to deliver real-time full-duplex omni-modal interaction with proactive behavior in a 9B model that approaches Gemini 2.5 Flash performance.
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Reasoning Structure Matters for Safety Alignment of Reasoning Models
Changing the internal reasoning structure of large reasoning models through simple supervised fine-tuning on 1K examples produces strong safety alignment that generalizes across tasks and languages.
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LLaDA2.0: Scaling Up Diffusion Language Models to 100B
LLaDA2.0 scales discrete diffusion language models to 100B parameters via systematic conversion from autoregressive models using a 3-phase WSD training scheme and releases open-source 16B and 100B MoE variants.
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InternVL3.5: Advancing Open-Source Multimodal Models in Versatility, Reasoning, and Efficiency
InternVL3.5 advances open-source multimodal models with Cascade RL for +16% reasoning gains and ViR for 4x inference speedup, with the 241B model reaching SOTA among open-source MLLMs on multimodal, reasoning, and agentic tasks.
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Mixture-of-Experts Can Surpass Dense LLMs Under Strictly Equal Resource
MoE models with activation rates in an optimal region outperform dense LLMs of identical total parameter count, training compute, and data budget, with the optimal region consistent across scales.
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InternVL3: Exploring Advanced Training and Test-Time Recipes for Open-Source Multimodal Models
InternVL3-78B sets a new open-source SOTA of 72.2 on MMMU via native joint multimodal pre-training, V2PE, MPO, and test-time scaling while remaining competitive with proprietary models.
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Native Sparse Attention: Hardware-Aligned and Natively Trainable Sparse Attention
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HuatuoGPT-o1, Towards Medical Complex Reasoning with LLMs
HuatuoGPT-o1 achieves superior medical complex reasoning by using a verifier to curate reasoning trajectories for fine-tuning and then applying RL with verifier-based rewards.
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Expanding Performance Boundaries of Open-Source Multimodal Models with Model, Data, and Test-Time Scaling
InternVL 2.5 is the first open-source MLLM to surpass 70% on the MMMU benchmark via model, data, and test-time scaling, with a 3.7-point gain from chain-of-thought reasoning.
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Periodic RoPE for Infinite Context LLMs
P-RoPE combines local periodic RoPE with SWA and global NoPE layers to enable infinite context without extrapolation, shown in MiniWin outperforming standard GPT setups.
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Dense2MoE: Pushing the Pareto Frontier of On-Device LLMs via Unified Pruning and Upcycling
Dense2MoE unifies pruning of attention modules with upcycling of MLPs into MoE experts to produce on-device LLMs that improve the latency-accuracy Pareto frontier.
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SlimQwen: Exploring the Pruning and Distillation in Large MoE Model Pre-training
Pruning pretrained MoE models outperforms training from scratch under fixed budget, different expert compression methods converge after continued training, and progressive pruning plus multi-token KD improves the final 23A2B model.
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MiMo-V2-Flash Technical Report
MiMo-V2-Flash is a 309B/15B MoE model trained on 27T tokens with hybrid attention and multi-teacher on-policy distillation that matches larger models like DeepSeek-V3.2 while enabling 2.6x faster decoding via repurposed MTP layers.
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Kimi K2: Open Agentic Intelligence
Kimi K2 is a 1-trillion-parameter MoE model that leads open-source non-thinking models on agentic benchmarks including 65.8 on SWE-Bench Verified and 66.1 on Tau2-Bench.
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DeepSeekMoE: Towards Ultimate Expert Specialization in Mixture-of-Experts Language Models
DeepSeekMoE 2B matches GShard 2.9B performance and approaches a dense 2B model; the 16B version matches LLaMA2-7B at 40% compute by using fine-grained expert segmentation plus shared experts.
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Yi: Open Foundation Models by 01.AI
Yi models are 6B and 34B open foundation models pretrained on 3.1T curated tokens that achieve strong benchmark results through data quality and targeted extensions like long context and vision alignment.
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DeepSeek LLM: Scaling Open-Source Language Models with Longtermism
DeepSeek LLM 67B exceeds LLaMA-2 70B on code, mathematics and reasoning benchmarks after pre-training on 2 trillion tokens and alignment via SFT and DPO.
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Baichuan 2: Open Large-scale Language Models
Baichuan 2 presents 7B and 13B LLMs trained on 2.6T tokens that match or exceed similar open models on MMLU, CMMLU, GSM8K, HumanEval and excel in medicine and law.