Transformers develop four algorithmic phases of in-context learning on Markov chains via two distinct multi-layer subcircuit mechanisms, with phase boundaries set by data diversity K.
ThetracedcircuitindicatesthatMLP1readsthesepairsandproducesanoutputvectorforeachthatisthenaggregated across the sequence by Att2 to form the task vectorφ
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Distinct mechanisms underlying in-context learning in transformers
Transformers develop four algorithmic phases of in-context learning on Markov chains via two distinct multi-layer subcircuit mechanisms, with phase boundaries set by data diversity K.