MMMU provides 11.5K heterogeneous college-level multimodal questions that current models solve at 56-59% accuracy, establishing a new standard for expert multimodal evaluation.
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OCRBench: On the Hidden Mystery of OCR in Large Multimodal Models
Baseline reference. 67% of citing Pith papers use this work as a benchmark or comparison.
28
Pith papers citing it
Baseline
67% of classified citations
abstract
Large models have recently played a dominant role in natural language processing and multimodal vision-language learning. However, their effectiveness in text-related visual tasks remains relatively unexplored. In this paper, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of Large Multimodal Models, such as GPT4V and Gemini, in various text-related visual tasks including Text Recognition, Scene Text-Centric Visual Question Answering (VQA), Document-Oriented VQA, Key Information Extraction (KIE), and Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER). To facilitate the assessment of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) capabilities in Large Multimodal Models, we propose OCRBench, a comprehensive evaluation benchmark. OCRBench contains 29 datasets, making it the most comprehensive OCR evaluation benchmark available. Furthermore, our study reveals both the strengths and weaknesses of these models, particularly in handling multilingual text, handwritten text, non-semantic text, and mathematical expression recognition. Most importantly, the baseline results presented in this study could provide a foundational framework for the conception and assessment of innovative strategies targeted at enhancing zero-shot multimodal techniques. The evaluation pipeline and benchmark are available at https://github.com/Yuliang-Liu/MultimodalOCR.
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representative citing papers
AdaMMS merges heterogeneous MLLMs via architecture mapping, linear weight interpolation, and unsupervised hyper-parameter search, outperforming prior methods on vision-language benchmarks as the first such approach without labeled data.
OCRBench v2 is a new benchmark with four times more tasks than prior versions that reveals most large multimodal models score below 50 out of 100 on visual text tasks and share five specific weaknesses.
Cambrian-1 is a vision-centric multimodal LLM family that evaluates over 20 vision encoders, introduces CV-Bench and the Spatial Vision Aggregator, and releases open models, code, and data achieving strong performance on visual grounding tasks.
MuirBench is a new benchmark showing that top multimodal LLMs struggle with robust multi-image understanding, with GPT-4o at 68% and open-source models below 33% accuracy.
DepthVLM converts a standard VLM into a dense metric depth predictor by attaching a lightweight head and training under unified vision-text supervision, outperforming prior VLMs and some pure vision models on a new indoor-outdoor benchmark.
Gaze Attention groups visual embeddings into selectable regions and dynamically restricts attention to task-relevant ones, matching dense baselines with up to 90% fewer visual KV entries via added context tokens.
DocAtlas introduces model-free rendering pipelines to create DocTag-annotated datasets across 82 languages and shows DPO adaptation improves multilingual performance without base-language degradation.
LatentRouter routes image-question queries to the best MLLM by predicting counterfactual performance via latent communication between learned query capsules and model capability tokens.
InternVL3.5 advances open-source multimodal models with Cascade RL for +16% reasoning gains and ViR for 4x inference speedup, with the 241B model reaching SOTA among open-source MLLMs on multimodal, reasoning, and agentic tasks.
InternVL3-78B sets a new open-source SOTA of 72.2 on MMMU via native joint multimodal pre-training, V2PE, MPO, and test-time scaling while remaining competitive with proprietary models.
Introduces OCR+PAGE-1 and OCR+PAGE-N prompting strategies that improve zero-shot multi-page handwritten document transcription by sharing context across pages.
VPiT enables pretrained LLMs to perform both visual understanding and generation by predicting discrete text tokens and continuous visual tokens, with understanding data proving more effective than generation-specific data.
InternVL 2.5 is the first open-source MLLM to surpass 70% on the MMMU benchmark via model, data, and test-time scaling, with a 3.7-point gain from chain-of-thought reasoning.
Emu3 shows that next-token prediction on a unified discrete token space for text, images, and video lets a single transformer outperform task-specific models such as SDXL and LLaVA-1.6 in multimodal generation and perception.
BLINK benchmark shows multimodal LLMs reach only 45-51 percent accuracy on core visual perception tasks where humans achieve 95 percent, indicating these abilities have not emerged.
TuringViT claims a new ViT design with linear attention and curated data that matches SOTA performance using 10% of typical pretraining data while supporting dynamic resolutions and improving VLM integration.
A Nash equilibrium framework for training-free multimodal step verification that uses cross-modal agreement and disagreement signals for filtering and ranking reasoning steps.
NVIDIA releases the Nemotron 3 model family with hybrid Mamba-Transformer architecture, LatentMoE, NVFP4 training, MTP layers, and multi-environment RL post-training for reasoning and agentic tasks.
DeepSeek-VL2 is a series of MoE vision-language models using dynamic tiling and latent attention that reach competitive or state-of-the-art results on VQA, OCR, document understanding and grounding with 1.0B to 4.5B activated parameters.
MiniCPM-Llama3-V 2.5 delivers GPT-4V-level multimodal performance on phones through architecture, pretraining, and alignment optimizations.
MADP multi-agent pipeline with human-in-the-loop achieves 97% full automation on 955 real documents, 98.5% accuracy on ablation set, and 69-70% reductions in FTE, energy, and emissions versus manual processing.
Proposes a multi-stage agentic evaluation and stability-aware ranking framework for robust checkpoint selection in multimodal LLMs under evaluation uncertainty.
VideoLLaMA3 uses a vision-centric training paradigm and token-reduction design to reach competitive results on image and video benchmarks.
citing papers explorer
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MMMU: A Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for Expert AGI
MMMU provides 11.5K heterogeneous college-level multimodal questions that current models solve at 56-59% accuracy, establishing a new standard for expert multimodal evaluation.
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AdaMMS: Model Merging for Heterogeneous Multimodal Large Language Models with Unsupervised Coefficient Optimization
AdaMMS merges heterogeneous MLLMs via architecture mapping, linear weight interpolation, and unsupervised hyper-parameter search, outperforming prior methods on vision-language benchmarks as the first such approach without labeled data.
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OCRBench v2: An Improved Benchmark for Evaluating Large Multimodal Models on Visual Text Localization and Reasoning
OCRBench v2 is a new benchmark with four times more tasks than prior versions that reveals most large multimodal models score below 50 out of 100 on visual text tasks and share five specific weaknesses.
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Cambrian-1: A Fully Open, Vision-Centric Exploration of Multimodal LLMs
Cambrian-1 is a vision-centric multimodal LLM family that evaluates over 20 vision encoders, introduces CV-Bench and the Spatial Vision Aggregator, and releases open models, code, and data achieving strong performance on visual grounding tasks.
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MuirBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Robust Multi-image Understanding
MuirBench is a new benchmark showing that top multimodal LLMs struggle with robust multi-image understanding, with GPT-4o at 68% and open-source models below 33% accuracy.
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Unlocking Dense Metric Depth Estimation in VLMs
DepthVLM converts a standard VLM into a dense metric depth predictor by attaching a lightweight head and training under unified vision-text supervision, outperforming prior VLMs and some pure vision models on a new indoor-outdoor benchmark.
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Learning to See What You Need: Gaze Attention for Multimodal Large Language Models
Gaze Attention groups visual embeddings into selectable regions and dynamically restricts attention to task-relevant ones, matching dense baselines with up to 90% fewer visual KV entries via added context tokens.
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DocAtlas: Multilingual Document Understanding Across 80+ Languages
DocAtlas introduces model-free rendering pipelines to create DocTag-annotated datasets across 82 languages and shows DPO adaptation improves multilingual performance without base-language degradation.
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LatentRouter: Can We Choose the Right Multimodal Model Before Seeing Its Answer?
LatentRouter routes image-question queries to the best MLLM by predicting counterfactual performance via latent communication between learned query capsules and model capability tokens.
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InternVL3.5: Advancing Open-Source Multimodal Models in Versatility, Reasoning, and Efficiency
InternVL3.5 advances open-source multimodal models with Cascade RL for +16% reasoning gains and ViR for 4x inference speedup, with the 241B model reaching SOTA among open-source MLLMs on multimodal, reasoning, and agentic tasks.
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InternVL3: Exploring Advanced Training and Test-Time Recipes for Open-Source Multimodal Models
InternVL3-78B sets a new open-source SOTA of 72.2 on MMMU via native joint multimodal pre-training, V2PE, MPO, and test-time scaling while remaining competitive with proprietary models.
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Judge a Book by its Cover: Investigating Multi-Modal LLMs for Multi-Page Handwritten Document Transcription
Introduces OCR+PAGE-1 and OCR+PAGE-N prompting strategies that improve zero-shot multi-page handwritten document transcription by sharing context across pages.
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MetaMorph: Multimodal Understanding and Generation via Instruction Tuning
VPiT enables pretrained LLMs to perform both visual understanding and generation by predicting discrete text tokens and continuous visual tokens, with understanding data proving more effective than generation-specific data.
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Expanding Performance Boundaries of Open-Source Multimodal Models with Model, Data, and Test-Time Scaling
InternVL 2.5 is the first open-source MLLM to surpass 70% on the MMMU benchmark via model, data, and test-time scaling, with a 3.7-point gain from chain-of-thought reasoning.
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Emu3: Next-Token Prediction is All You Need
Emu3 shows that next-token prediction on a unified discrete token space for text, images, and video lets a single transformer outperform task-specific models such as SDXL and LLaVA-1.6 in multimodal generation and perception.
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BLINK: Multimodal Large Language Models Can See but Not Perceive
BLINK benchmark shows multimodal LLMs reach only 45-51 percent accuracy on core visual perception tasks where humans achieve 95 percent, indicating these abilities have not emerged.
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TuringViT: Making SOTA Vision Transformers Accessible to All
TuringViT claims a new ViT design with linear attention and curated data that matches SOTA performance using 10% of typical pretraining data while supporting dynamic resolutions and improving VLM integration.
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A Nash Equilibrium Framework For Training-Free Multimodal Step Verification
A Nash equilibrium framework for training-free multimodal step verification that uses cross-modal agreement and disagreement signals for filtering and ranking reasoning steps.
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NVIDIA Nemotron 3: Efficient and Open Intelligence
NVIDIA releases the Nemotron 3 model family with hybrid Mamba-Transformer architecture, LatentMoE, NVFP4 training, MTP layers, and multi-environment RL post-training for reasoning and agentic tasks.
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DeepSeek-VL2: Mixture-of-Experts Vision-Language Models for Advanced Multimodal Understanding
DeepSeek-VL2 is a series of MoE vision-language models using dynamic tiling and latent attention that reach competitive or state-of-the-art results on VQA, OCR, document understanding and grounding with 1.0B to 4.5B activated parameters.
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MiniCPM-V: A GPT-4V Level MLLM on Your Phone
MiniCPM-Llama3-V 2.5 delivers GPT-4V-level multimodal performance on phones through architecture, pretraining, and alignment optimizations.
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MADP: A Multi-Agent Pipeline for Sustainable Document Processing with Human-in-the-Loop
MADP multi-agent pipeline with human-in-the-loop achieves 97% full automation on 955 real documents, 98.5% accuracy on ablation set, and 69-70% reductions in FTE, energy, and emissions versus manual processing.
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Robust Checkpoint Selection for Multimodal LLMs via Agentic Evaluation and Stability-Aware Ranking
Proposes a multi-stage agentic evaluation and stability-aware ranking framework for robust checkpoint selection in multimodal LLMs under evaluation uncertainty.
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VideoLLaMA 3: Frontier Multimodal Foundation Models for Image and Video Understanding
VideoLLaMA3 uses a vision-centric training paradigm and token-reduction design to reach competitive results on image and video benchmarks.
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VITA-1.5: Towards GPT-4o Level Real-Time Vision and Speech Interaction
VITA-1.5 integrates vision and speech into a single LLM through multi-stage training, delivering competitive benchmark results on image, video, and speech tasks with near real-time response speed.
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MinerU: An Open-Source Solution for Precise Document Content Extraction
MinerU delivers an open-source pipeline for high-precision document content extraction by integrating specialized models with tuned preprocessing and postprocessing rules.
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How Far Are We to GPT-4V? Closing the Gap to Commercial Multimodal Models with Open-Source Suites
InternVL 1.5 narrows the performance gap to proprietary multimodal models via a stronger transferable vision encoder, dynamic high-resolution tiling, and curated English-Chinese training data.
- RAVE: Re-Allocating Visual Attention in Large Multimodal Models