A four-stage hierarchy (D0/D1 structural analysis, mask refinement, Boolean and arithmetic SADC) machine-verifies 198 of 363 flagged wires as first-order secure on a 5543-cell ML-KEM module with zero indeterminates and cross-solver agreement.
aLEAKator: HDL mixed-domain simulation for masked hardware and software formal verification
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Structural Dependency Analysis for Masked NTT Hardware: Scalable Pre-Silicon Verification of Post-Quantum Cryptographic Accelerators
A four-stage hierarchy (D0/D1 structural analysis, mask refinement, Boolean and arithmetic SADC) machine-verifies 198 of 363 flagged wires as first-order secure on a 5543-cell ML-KEM module with zero indeterminates and cross-solver agreement.