Non-collapsible marginal effect measures depend on joint distributions of effect modifiers and prognostic variables, so unadjusted anchored indirect comparisons can be biased even without individual-level treatment effect heterogeneity.
NICE DSU technical support document 3: heterogeneity: subgroups, meta- regression, bias and bias-adjustment
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Transportability of model-based estimands in evidence synthesis
Non-collapsible marginal effect measures depend on joint distributions of effect modifiers and prognostic variables, so unadjusted anchored indirect comparisons can be biased even without individual-level treatment effect heterogeneity.