Non-collapsible marginal effect measures depend on joint distributions of effect modifiers and prognostic variables, so unadjusted anchored indirect comparisons can be biased even without individual-level treatment effect heterogeneity.
Interpretation and choice of effect measures in epidemiologic analyses.American journal of epidemiology 1987; 125(5): 761–768
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Transportability of model-based estimands in evidence synthesis
Non-collapsible marginal effect measures depend on joint distributions of effect modifiers and prognostic variables, so unadjusted anchored indirect comparisons can be biased even without individual-level treatment effect heterogeneity.