Transformers develop four algorithmic phases of in-context learning on Markov chains via two distinct multi-layer subcircuit mechanisms, with phase boundaries set by data diversity K.
Specifically, wC = 1, δ→ ∞, β→ ∞corresponds to the 2-Gen solution
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Distinct mechanisms underlying in-context learning in transformers
Transformers develop four algorithmic phases of in-context learning on Markov chains via two distinct multi-layer subcircuit mechanisms, with phase boundaries set by data diversity K.