Flow alignment in nematic fluids creates bend-splay walls that lower defect nucleation thresholds and prevent recombination, replacing the reversible BKT transition with persistent unbound defects.
Stein, Kosterlitz-thouless phase transitions in two- dimensional liquid crystals, Physical Review B18, 2397 (1978)
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Flow Coupling Alters Topological Phase Transition in Nematic Liquid Crystals
Flow alignment in nematic fluids creates bend-splay walls that lower defect nucleation thresholds and prevent recombination, replacing the reversible BKT transition with persistent unbound defects.